Passion :: essays research papers

â€Å"Florida State University, here we come!† Fort Lauderdale to Tallahassee, what an excursion! Out and about again†¦blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, out and about once more, that damn tune consistently in my mind when we’re going on a long transport ride. I should make sense of the words in the middle of, however I’m in every case excessively lethargic. Since I consider it, I despite everything have two cases to compose on the off chance that I need banter. Mr. Wakefield would murder me in the event that he knew I’m heading off to an immense state competition ill-equipped. I’m not stressed, I’ll do it after the first stop†¦I’m tired now in any case. I’ll simply take a little rest. I woke up in light of all the noise†¦we’re at the principal stop. It’s been four hours?! I’m still drained, along these lines, I set my head back once more. By and by, I woke up on account of the noise†¦weâ€⠄¢re at the second stop now. I rested through an additional four hours, I can’t trust it, and I didn’t complete anything! I’m not stressed, I’ll compose my cases after this stop†¦ I’m hungry in any case. In this way, I ate a lot of bites, tuned in to my Walkman, and returned to the transport. I’m simply going to loosen up the present moment; my head harms and my stomach is full. Here we are, Tallahassee, Florida! It’s alright, I’m not stressed, when we have supper and settle in our lodgings, I’ll compose my cases. Along these lines, we have supper, get our rooms, unload, and now I’m too drained to even think about writing my cases†¦ I’ll compose before the competition tomorrow. The competition is going to begin I still don’t have any cases ready†¦it’s OK; I can compose it before my rounds. I glance over aside and see somebody posting the gathers together. OK, adjusts are going to begin shortly and I don’t have my cases prepared †OK, presently the time has come to freeze! All things considered, I generally said I work better under pressure†¦obviously, a great deal of weight. I plunk down and I’m composing as quick as I can. Amazing, such a large number of ideas†¦my hand can’t keep up! I can smell the smoke originating from the pencil crushing on my scratch pad. I can hear myself pulling for myself†¦go, go, go, go, Usilia you’re wonderful! OK, it’s time to go to my round, so I plot my butt down close to the entryway and keep composing. At the point when my rival arrives, I tilt my notebook so he doesn’t see what I’m composing.

Report on Foreign Direct Investment of The Toyota Motor Corporation Term Paper

Report on Foreign Direct Investment of The Toyota Motor Corporation - Term Paper Example As per 2010 money related information, India is the world’s fourth biggest economy by buying influence equality and tenth biggest by ostensible GDP. According to International Monetary Fund’s report, the country’s per capita GDP is $3,339 in 2010. As Shurtleft and Aoyagi bring up, India started its free market tasks in 1991, and that exceptionally helped India’s monetary development (999). The country’s mechanical tasks represent 28% of the GDP and it utilizes 14% of the absolute workforce. India’s economy is the world’s twelfth greatest regarding ostensible production line yield while it is thirteenth on the ground of administration yield. The nation has accomplished critical enhancements in its vitality and force assets during the most recent couple of decades; India’s oil saves are fit for meeting the country’s 25% of the household oil request. Very much organized Indian financial framework assumes a striking job in su pporting India’s monetary development. A steady cash is another conspicuous element of Indian economy. Thus, the financial elements of India offer possible open doors for Toyota in the market. Notwithstanding these positive monetary components, the nation has been confronting genuine salary imbalances, higher joblessness, and expanding number of malnourished youngsters. Higher joblessness rate in India might be useful for the Toyota to get works at less expensive expenses. The country’s sends out expanded 22.3% in November 2010 though the imports rose by 7.5%. Additionally, the country’s exchange shortfall dropped from $10.45 billion out of 2009 to $8.94 billion out of 2010. Political Scenario India is the biggest economy on the planet and a government sacred republic. The country’s political circumstance is pretty much steady. While breaking down the vote based history of India, clearly Government of India has been driven by the Indian National Congress most occasions. The Indian state legislative issues is ruled by a few national gatherings including INC, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and various other territorial gatherings. Directly, the Government of India is being driven by the INC by winning with an astounding lion's share in the 2009 Lok Sabha Elections. Distinctive ideological groups speak to various social orders and areas and their fundamental beliefs can affect the Indian political range. Since India is a fair nation, the Toyota may here and there face with fomentations as happened on account of Coca Cola. Nonetheless, the Indian government accepts that remote venture would altogether add to the quick monetary development of the nation. Subsequently, the political range of India offers open doors for Toyota. Before the finish of 1970s, India changed its outside exchange strategy and it gave worldwide firms better access to Indian market (Dahlman and Utz,). Therefore, India’

R&D Proposal TMGT421 (R&D for HVAC Replacement) Essay

Research and development Proposal TMGT421 (R&D for HVAC Replacement) - Essay Example This paper focuses on that the HVAC frameworks are imperative towards vitality utilizations just as warm solace particularly in the private structures. These conditions must be met by utilizing compelling and productive HVAC hardware that in this task is the climate control systems. The fundamental basic part in vitality preservation utilizing this HVAC gear or the forced air system is the plan of the hardware, control framework, dissemination framework, and the structure envelope just as the enhancement of the framework. The improvement of the proficiency and adequacy of the HVAC frameworks requires elevated level of comprehension of the entomb apportions in the framework issues particularly the essential designing issues. Furthermore, itemized exchanges off issues identifying with the vitality preservation plans must be misused completely before end are drawn and proposal made and National Academies Press. This paper makes an end that the ideal climate control system will be structured not to run constantly for what it's worth in cools that are being utilized as of now. This benevolent of framework configuration will be accomplished through establishment or implanting indoor regulator into the home utilized climate control systems with the goal that it is consequently turns now and again the once the ideal temperatures are achieved. This changed climate control system will lessen the measure of vitality utilized in running the forced air system subsequently prompting a lot of vitality preservation. This sort of vitality protection framework will help lessen vitality utilization rates that will reflect as low power bills.

Power point use in work envirnoment free essay sample

Cynthia Computer Application-205 Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint Microsoft Word-Microsoft Corporation was established in 1975 lead worldwide in the turn of events and creation of programming and programming related administrations and arrangements. At first known for home PCs, Microsoft, headquartered in Washington, presently offers different working frameworks and programming for PCs. This global organization endeavors to help the overall business network improve effectiveness and efficiency. Lately, this organization has combat analysis concerning what some think about monopolistic, against serious strategic policies. Regardless of legitimate mishaps including antitrust infringement authorized by the US Department of Justice, Microsoft stays a significant player in its field. In today’s business condition requests the sharing of information, portable innovation and fast correspondence. Microsoft gives devices empowering business to be profitable and impart adequately paying little heed to area. Standpoint fills in as the entry for email, assignments, schedule and contacts. Microsoft office line workspace, flaunting on the web extra room, empowers clients to spare access and offer records all through the world. We will compose a custom article test on Force point use in work envirnoment or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Portable Technology like cell phones, which gracefully the client with cutting edge processing choices permit you to remain associated with organizations. Microsoft office Accounting Express 2008 offers little beginning up or at home organizations an asset for bookkeeping handling and techniques. The product incorporates solicitations, spending plan and account layout and benefit and misfortune explanations. Office Excel outperforms manual, paper-based spreadsheets as far as convenience and exactness. Organizations go up against an ever-developing number of security dangers. Numerous organizations choose for use Microsoft Vista working framework as a measure to ensure their information. Vista flaunts account control, investigating and demonstrative highlights and spyware blocker. Microsoft Security Essentials, present in 2009, offers antimalware arrangements at no expense to purchasers who utilize Genuine Windows-based PCs. Enormous business may pick Microsoft Windows Vista Ultimate; Ultimate offers Bit Lockers Drive Encryption for greatest information security. Microsoft lost its remaining as the main worldwide programming organization in May 2010. Apple, once very nearly eradication concentrated on creative, new buyer items to produce development; a mainstream line of hand-held gadgets added to the company’s flood in benefit. Conversely, Microsoft, in spite of inconsistent new frameworks discharges, essentially lies for the most part on safeguarding the current business. Despite the fact that Microsoft stays a solid player in the market, the organization keeps on confronting hardened rivalry. PowerPoint is an amazing device for representative preparing and web based learning. Entrepreneurs and friends administrators can utilize the projects to make convincing and intuitive slide shows to exhibit new items, train new laborers and help existing clients capitalize on the items they purchase. Truth be told there are a large number favorable circumstances to utilizing PowerPoint as a web based learning apparatus. A most impressive aspect regarding PowerPoint is the way that it can corporate liveliness highlights and clasp craftsmanship. Its capacity to fuse sound is another amazing advantage of PowerPoint as an internet learning device. The sound elements of this program can make the slide show progressively intelligent and less exhausting, and too can urge guests to remain with the preparation. Organizations can utilize this intelligent component of PowerPoint to beat issues and make their instructional meetings convincing. PowerPoint contains various incredible intelligence instruments that makes it simple for clients to draw in the consideration of the whole online crowd. The improvement done to Excel 2007 and Excel 2010 is the capacity to bunch the dates in the dropdown list into years and months. That implies you don’t need to make another segment to recognize the years and months of each line utilizing Excel equations. In Excel 2010, you can modify your own Ribbon tab. It tends to be utilized as orders in a single spot. Along these lines you don't need to click starting with one tab then onto the next to discover your regularly utilized order. In the prior long stretches of Excel (2003 and underneath), arranging must be done dependent on the shading coding in the cell, Not just that, you can likewise sort the records by the textual style shading. That’s new in Excel 2002 and 2010. Numerous contingent isn't made simple Excel 2007 and 2010. In the more seasoned Excel form 2003 and underneath, we are to tally dependent on one single condition. When utilizing Excel 2003, numerous conditions whole must be finished utilizing the equation SUMPRODUCT or joining all the conditions into one preceding applying the recipe SUMIF to information. With the new Excel 2007, you can now effectively summarize the qualities dependent on more than one condition by utilizing the SUMIF’s fomula.

Advocacy activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Support movement - Essay Example So as to prevail in this undertaking, reporting the progressions occurring as far as enactments and arrangements, as a device of social change is subsequently unavoidable. Strategy change is perhaps the best establishment, and an energetically prescribed way to deal with address the novel difficulties looked by the general public. The quickly changing elements of the world of politics around us obviously feature the criticalness of the organization as a professionalizing specialist in the field of political theory (Furner, 2010). This paper intends to layout a way to deal with assess arrangement change by featuring key needs starting from a short review of the picked enactment, the hugeness and extent of the issue, the expansive ramifications of the enactment, just as an inside and out record of the chosen official followed by a clarification of the whole procedure beginning from the fundamental explanations for the decision of the chosen official a diagram of the key purposes of con versation, to be done during the individual meeting. Rundown of the enactment: The way to tending to and settling different social issues looked by the general public lies in the assurance of the social reformers and their tireless interest to make a progressively compassionate society by taking part in arrangement backing (Jansson, 2010). HIV AIDS is one such basic issue looked by the United States. With a sum of 1.2 million Americans living with HIV (CDC, 2012), and one of every five individuals are ignorant of their disease (Aids.gov, 2012) it is recognized as a genuine general wellbeing concern in this manner demonstrating an earnest need to destroy it through successful arrangement changes. This segment examines the Cure for AIDS Act 2012, presented by Representative James Himes in the House, and is planned for finding a successful remedy for the pandemic and makes it available in the United States just as all around. It proposes to set up an exploration program under the Congr essionally Directed Medical Research Program of the Department of Defense to achieve its objective (Govtrack.us). The program is proposed to be going by the Secretary of Defense in a joint effort with the Director of National Institutes of Health; the Director of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; and any leader of a Federal organization as considered fitting by the Secretary. The program intends to build up a remedy for HIV/AIDS through broad research programs, planned for tending to the major issues, for example, the key causes behind the determination of the illness notwithstanding the utilization of different treatments; and creating and recognizing different testing intercessions to control the spread of any additionally spread of the infection, among others. The program additionally tries to pick up help from Non-benefit elements regarding co-appointment and sharing of duties through association and arrangement of friend investigated subsidized research. Th e key goal of this bill is to guarantee a viable remedy for HIV/AIDS by supporting and empowering imaginative research. The conviction to discover a fix has been reinforced further after the ongoing instance of Timothy Brown, the principal individual ever to be relieved of the 'serious' ailment (CBS News, 2012), in this manner giving a recharged want to the clinical experts, scientists and strategy producers to resuscitate and quicken their endeavors towards working and crusading for the admirable motivation. Criticalness and extent of the issue: HIV/AIDS is a worldwide pandemic influencing 34 million individuals around the world, and asserting 1.8 million lives starting at 2010 (WHO, 2012). As indicated by accessible insights the circumstance is similarly grave for high-pay created nations also including the United States. Over 1.2 million individuals in the United S

An Open Letter to the Teacher Who Encouraged Me to Write

An Open Letter to the Teacher Who Encouraged Me to Write To the teacher who made me want to be a writer: Not a single day goes by that I don’t think of you and the lessons you taught me the summer before my senior year of high school. Though I never even had you as an English teacher during the school year, I’m so grateful for the short amount of time I did get with you when you mentored me on my college application essay. Without it, I know that I would not be the writer or person that I am today. I always felt like I was a pretty good writer. And by that I mean I always did well on writing assignments in school. But until you read my writing, I didn’t realize how much power words can carry, how much of a person can be contained within the sentences they lay out, even if they’re not aware of it themselves. I prepared what I thought were meaningless blurbs about my mundane, everyday life as a form of brainstorming. However, when you read them, you picked one out almost instantly and turned to me, saying “I sense a lot of pain here.” Out of utter shock and the sudden realization that you were right, I burst into tears right then and there. I’d never confronted my own pain, let alone been confronted by someone else about it. And I certainly had never imagined that my words could reveal and communicate the deepest parts of me to a careful reader. From that moment, writing became so much more than just this mechanical process of conveying arguments and ideas. It became like therapy. I’d never managed to be so introspective and vulnerable until then because I didn’t think any good would come of it. Thank you for teaching me otherwise, for letting me cry in front of you on a daily basis in order to work through everything I’d been holding in for years, for showing me how to convert all the baggage into something tangible and useful. Today, I continue to strive to be as open as possible with myself and in my writing. It has not only helped me improve as a writer, but it has also helped me in learning to understand and love myself, which used to seem almost impossible. Thank you for believing in my writing and making me promise to continue doing it. To be honest, I didn’t really have any intention of writing much after high school, despite how cathartic it had proven to be. I was moving across the country and leaving everyone I knew behind to study biology (in which only scientific writing is involved), so I was relying on getting a fresh start and never needing to look back or write for myself. I could not have been more wrong. Finding myself back in a place of pain and doubt, the promise I had made to you but never kept suddenly came back to me. It bothered me that I hadn’t kept that promise, so I endeavored to begin writing once more. Again I made myself vulnerable, and again I took everything I was carrying with me and attempted to turn it into something tangible. And this time around, I realize that this is something I need to be doing continuously, certainly for myself, but maybe for others as well. Before you even taught me anything about writing, you had words of advice that made a huge impression on me and that I continue to repeat to myself now whenever I feel down about how my life is going. I was a teenager who had never really failed at anything before, and that made me somewhat entitled as a young person. At the time, I wouldn’t have imagined a teacher telling a group of students about to embark on a new stage in life not to put all their hopes on one path, but you did. It honestly felt like a slap in the face at first, but you also told us that even if we didn’t end up where we thought we  wanted to be, we would still end up where we were supposed to be. And having now experienced a lot of failure since then, this idea has become a major light in the darkness for me. And now that I’ve begun writing again and been lucky enough to find a platform to share my words with others, everything you taught me has come together and I finally feel that I truly am exactly wher e I am supposed to be. I know that there are many writers out there who have been inspired and encouraged by amazing people just like you. So thank you for being a part of this special group of teachers and mentors. And thank you, on behalf of all of us young writers, to everyone out there who has helped us cultivate our individual voices.

An Analysis Of A Mergers Profitability - Free Essay Example

Abstract Introduction In the last few years we have observed a revived surge in the number of mergers. They are more often observed in countries with better accounting standards. Companies undergo mergers for a number of reasons. The primary reason is the proper allocation of resources and thus, increasing cost efficiency. A small amount of research has been done in the past years analyzing the short and long term effects of mergers in creating value for the companies. It has been seen that most mergers result in failures but not much research has been done in analyzing the reasons behind it. My research would be based on few of the biggest mergers that have taken place in the last few years. Firstly, my analysis of a mergers profitability would be based on standard event study methodology. It would take into account the return to shareholders. Secondly, it would also aim to provide evidence regarding the signalling theory and the synergistic and the agency views. This would be based on an in-depth analysis of various determinants such as the excess returns around the announcement of the merger bid and around the termination of the merger and the significant differences in the responses of firms attempting fo cusing versus diversifying mergers respectively. Lastly, this would be followed by a thorough analysis of the valuation effects of mergers. There have been varied views but no one conclusion has been reached. I would thus, like to investigate deeper into it 2. Literature Review and Hypotheses Analysis revealed My research concentrates on the effects of a focusing and diversifying merger on the abnormal returns around the announcement period of the merger. The study by Delong (1999) can be seen as an extension to my research. He based his research on evaluating the stock pricing behaviour of the bidder and the target in bank mergers. He further studied the abnormal returns according to the nature of the merger i.e. focusing or diversifying. In my analysis, I take into account only activity focused mergers, whereas Delong (1999) considers mergers which focus on both activity and geography. His results show an enhancement in value of a focusing firm of about 2 % to 3 % as compared to a diversifying firm irrespective of the time period. On investigating further, he found that the relative market size of the target to the bidder and the pre-merger performance of the targets show an apparent relationship with the cumulative abnormal returns so calculated. Wong and Cheung (2009) analyse the changes in the stock prices of the bidding and target firms in Hong Kong, China, Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea and Japan, following a merger or an acquisition announcement. It can be seen from their analysis that such an announcement yields positive results for the bidding firms but does not prove to be very beneficial for the target firms. Their hypotheses considered the consequences of the mode of payment, the type of acquisition and the type of the target firm on the stock pricing. Out of them only the second variable seems to have a direct effect on the post announcement returns of the bidding firm. Huang and Walkling (1987) conducted similar research by extracting a sample of acquisitions from the Wall Street Journal which consisted of all initial front-page acquisition announcements. But this, took into account slightly different variables as compared to the other analyses discussed above. They determined the effect of tender offers vs. mergers; cash offers vs stock offers and resisted offers vs. unresisted offers. Their analysis revealed higher abnormal returns for tender offers which were quite insignificant once the effect of the extent of resistance and the payment type were isolated from it. The deals which faced resistance during a merger or tender offer showed higher abnormal returns irrespective to the mode of payment. All the results obtained above were either insignificant or marginally significant, but the effects of the third variable i.e. the form of payment showed some concrete results. The cumulative abnormal returns obtained from cash offers were radically high er than those obtained from stock offer. This research carried out by Huang and Walkling gave quite a holistic overview of the effect of the announcement of an acquisition, as it took into consideration, variables which are affected by both the bidding and target firms decisions. All the literature discussed earlier in this paper, has illustrated some positive effects of an acquisition for both the bidders and the target firms. But, the analysis conducted by Bruner (2001) showed a little variation to the above. It suggested that only the target shareholders draw upon the benefits of the acquisition. No such profitable return is observed for the bidding firms. But, the combined returns of the bidder and the target yield positive results. The approach followed by Bruner differs significantly from most of the research discussed earlier. He measures the performance of a merger and acquisition based on the investors required returns. After observing the abnormal returns of the acquirer around the announcement date of the merger as per my research, the most obvious next step would be to analyse the long term effects of the merger. Various studies have been done in order to rightfully determine the outcome .The study by Asquith (1983) showed drastic negative returns after about three years of the merger. One of the best analyses that I found was by Agrawal, Jaffe and Mandelkar (1992) in their paper à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Post-Merger Performance of Acquiring Firms: A Re-examination of an Anomaly. Their results are based on a thorough analysis of a number of mergers that took place from 1955 to 1987. They explored the effect of the size of the firm and its beta risk, and found a loss of 10 % in the total wealth of the acquiring firm, five years after the merger was completed. An attempt was also made to find the additional NPV which is not captured by the announcement returns analysis. But, it was seen that the modificat ion of the market was similar for both the announcement and post merger analyses. Cole et al (2006) Investigate a number of unsuccessful mergers in order to determine if they create or destroy value for acquirers by using mainly two approaches. Their signalling approaches show that the value of the bidding firm is reduced by a large margin in the market, which is a form of a punishment for considering the acquisition of a low NPV project. They also find that horizontal mergers yield negative CAR. Hypothesis 1: The average abnormal returns (AAR) yield positive results for all sub-periods in the event Hypothesis 2: The Cumulative average abnormal returns (CAAR) yield positive results for all sub-periods in the event. Hypothesis 3: The type of acquisition, kind of acquisition, the mode of payment and the type of target firms affects the value of the cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) around the announcement day t=0 in the event. Take into account focusing and diversifying 3. Methodology We begin by classifying the effective sample into two categories à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Focusing and Diversifying. The classification approach has been adopted by Mann and Sicherman (1991).This can be done by comparing the two-digit SIC Codes of the acquirer and the target firm respectively. If both the firms involved in a deal have the same two-digit SIC Code, it can be classified as a focusing acquisition, whereas, if both firms have different codes, it is classified as a diversifying acquisition. Now we progress towards analysing the cumulative value created by a focusing and diversifying acquisition around the announcement date, using a standard event-study methodology described by MacKinlay (1997), Huang and Walkling (1987) and Wong and Cheung (2009). The Market Return Model is used in this case, to calculate the abnormal returns of the sample using a linear relationship between stock returns and market return. Rit = ÃŽÂ ±i + ÃŽÂ ²iRmt + ÃŽÂ µit (1) E (ÃŽÂ µit = 0) var (ÃŽÂ µit) = à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µt2 Where: Rit : Return on security i on day t Rmt : Return on market portfolio on day t ÃŽÂ µit : Zero mean disturbance term ÃŽÂ ±i, : expected value of the difference between Ri and ÃŽÂ ²iRmt ÃŽÂ ²i : covariance between Rit and Rmt divided by the variance of Rmt à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µt2 : variance of the error term We use the market model instead of the constant mean return model as it gives us a more accurate judgement of the effect of the event. This is true as it does not take into account the variation of the market return , thus, giving us more accurate abnormal returns. ( if any words remain add how to calculate rit and rmt) In order to calculate the abnormal returns, we use the market model parameter estimates. ^ ^ ARit = Rit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" (ÃŽÂ ±i + ÃŽÂ ²iRmt) (2) Where: ARit : the abnormal return for security i on day t ^ ^ ÃŽÂ ±i and ÃŽÂ ²i : estimates of ÃŽÂ ±i and ÃŽÂ ²i In order to calculate the abnormal returns we use a maximum of 351 daily observations (Huang and Walkling, 1987). We start collecting data from t -300 to t +50 days, with t = 0 being the announcement date of the acquisition. These 351 days include non-trading days as well. In other words, we actually gather data from t -214 to t +36, taking only trading days into account. We use different time periods of an event for a complete comparative analysis of abnormal returns in each sub period which is described as below: Event period : day t -10 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ day t +30 (41 days) Pre-announcement period : day t -10 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ day t -2 ( 9 days) Announcement period : day t -1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ day t 0 ( 2 days) Post Announcement Period : day t +1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ day t +30 (30 days) diagram To analyse the effect of the event , we now calculate the average abnormal return (AAR) for all the securities for a time period t. AAR is the sum of all abnormal returns of firms on day t divided by N( the number of firms): (3) The t statistic, à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢, is calculated by dividing AARt by the standard deviation of the average abnormal returns. This is final step of the model, which helps in determining the significance of the AARt in the event period. (4) While calculating the standard error, an estimator is used to calculate the variance of the abnormal returns in the absence of but in this case we use the sample variance measure of that we derive from the market model regression. The estimator is as follows: In order to establish a more holistic viewpoint, the cumulative average abnormal returns (CAAR) are calculated: Where T1 to T2 is the duration of the event in which the AARt is collected. According to our hypotheses we have to calculate one more variable, the cumulative average abnormal return (CAAR) over a certain period. In order to find out the significance of CAAR we calculate its t statistic as follows: Where var(CAAR) is the variance of the cumulative average abnormal returns. We could use a variety of formulas to calculate the standard deviation and t statistic such as those described in Campbell, Lo and MacKinlay (1997) and Brown and Warner (1985). But we calculate using the method adopted by Kothari and Warner (1985): Where: : Variance of the average abnormal return for one period. L : Longer the L, the higher is the variance of CAAR To test the third hypothesis, another variable is taken into consideration the Cumulative abnormal returns (CAR). We now develop a regression model using dummy variables to test the effect of the type of acquisition, kind of acquisition, the type of the target firm and the mode of payment on the CAR of the acquirers. The control variables are the relative market size of the market value of the target to acquirer (RMV) and the market size of the acquiring firm (M) (Wong and Cheung, 2009). Where: : Cumulative abnormal return from day d1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ day d2 D1 : 1 if the type is acquisition D1 : 0 otherwise i.e. merger D2 : 1 if it is focusing D2 : 0 otherwise i.e. diversifying D3 : 1 if target firm is private D3 : 0 otherwise i.e. public D4 : 1 if mode of payment is cash D4 : 0 otherwise i.e. stock M : Market Value of the acquiring firm=Number of outstanding share *closing price on the announcement date The tests of hypotheses 1, 2 and 3 can be described as the following tests: H1 : H0 : AARt = 0 H1: AARt à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 H2 : H0 : CAARt = 0 H1: CAARt à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 H3 : H3i :ÃŽÂ ²1 = 0 (Acquisitions vs. Mergers) H3ii :ÃŽÂ ²2 = 0 (Focusing vs. Diversifying) H3iii :ÃŽÂ ²3 = 0 (Public vs. Private target firms) H3iv :ÃŽÂ ²4 = 0 (Cash offer vs. Share offer) 4. Data Description The number of mergers and acquisitions carried out in India has been quite extensive. Hence, certain criterion has been used to select a suitable sample. The deals carried out with Morgan Stanley, JP Morgan, Goldman Sachs, UBS, Deustche Bank and Citi as their financial advisors should be included. These banks have been chosen as they deal with high valued mergers which are perfect for highlighting the true effects of a focusing or diversifying merger. All deals should have been completed from January, 2003 to March, 2010. The sample consists of only 178 completed transactions. All the acquirer firms must be publicly listed in the Bombay Stock Exchange. The SIC Codes for the target and acquirer should be available in the CRSP Database. This helps in dividing the sample into focusing and diversifying mergers. Because of these restrictions, the sample reduces to 70 firms, three of which have some information missing regarding the stock returns etc and hence our effective sample is 67. It has been further classified into 44 focusing and 23 diversifying deals. Using only publicly listed firms enables us to extract information about these deals such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" announcement dates, termination dates, stock returns, market returns etc. from the Thomson One database, company websites and the Bombay Stock Exchange. The Bombay Stock Exchange Sensitivity Index or the BSE Sensex (30) has been used to gather the market returns of the firms TABLES 5. Estimated Result 6. Conclusion (Limitation)

Microbiology Research Paper - 6879 Words

Melissa Babajko Microbiology 214BA Dr. May June 6, 2012 Staphylococcus aureus- Is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive, salt positive, cocci shaped bacterium. Staphylococcus aureus is found as normal part of the skin floral in the nasal passages and on the skin. An estimated twenty percent of people naturally have harmless Staphylococcus aureus on their skin and are long-term carries for Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common strand of Staphylococcus in humans to date, spread through skin to skin contact or even skin to object contact that an a person infected with Staphylococcus aureus has touched. Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase positive, which induces clumping of the cells and of the blood. Staphylococcus†¦show more content†¦(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22621239) PMID: 22621239 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] May 2012 Streptococcus pneumoniae- Is a Gram-positive bacterium in the shape of a slightly pointed cocci. They are usually found in pairs as diplococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae are alpha hemolytic bacterium. Streptococcus pneumoniae have a polysaccharide capsule that acts as a virulence factor for the organism; along with surface proteins that prevent the activation of complement pathways, and pili that enable S. pneumoniae to attach to epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract. Streptococcus pneumoniae lacks catalase and ferments glucose to lactic acid, like most other streptococci. However, unlike most other streptococci, it does not display an M protein and it hydrolyzes insulin, which help distinguish it from other streptococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of meningitis in adults and young adults throughout the world and is best known for causing pneumonia all other the world. Research Study: Due to a continuing increase in S. pneumoniaes antibiotic resistance, the search for a better vaccine is ongoing. Research on the Lactococcus lactis bacteria for use as a vaccine is promising; its production of the pneumococcal surface protein PspA makes it a good candidate for a mucosal vaccine, which could be administered through the nose instead of an injection (aShow MoreRelatedTargeting Of Host Organelles By Pathogenic Bacteri A Sophisticated Subversion Strategy1032 Words   |  5 Pagesfalls under the discipline of microbiology. Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, these organisms being either unicellular, multicellular, or acellular. The review article also covers branches of microbiology, namely immunology and evolutionary microbiology. Immunology is the study of the immune system, and as such this applies to the review article which looks at how bacterial pathogens attack and take over responding immune cells. Evolutionary microbiology is the study of the evolutionRead MoreBiology : Study Of Living Organisms And Is Characterized As A Science1667 Words   |  7 PagesAwareness: Biology Section 1: Biology is the study of living organisms and is characterized as a science. A biological research paper is a method of presenting and interpreting data gathered by an investigator in an experiment or investigation. Brenna Cannon is a biology student at George Mason University and lab assistant in Dr. Geraldine Grant s lab who s research focuses on studying idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which is an interstitial lung disease. This experiment more specificallyRead MoreSop Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesI am writing to apply for the position of PhD fellowship in Discovery of novel natural antimicrobials. I am from Brazil and I have just obtained a Masters Degree in Microbiology by the Federal University of Vià §osa (UFV), here in my country. Currently I am revising some data to submit a paper from my dissertation. This PhD project has undeniable prestige abroad and valuable university and partner where I could work with genetics, physiology and bioinformatics in one topic that I can see differentRead MoreGenetically Bacteria And Its Potential Against Human Diseases And Disorders1223 Words   |  5 Pagescancer, viral and bacterial infections (Pià ±ero-Lambea, Ruano-Gallego and Fernà ¡nd ez, 2015). Current and relevant research to the topic are selected as evidence on how engineered bacterial is used and its potential against human diseases and disorders. Current opinion in biotechnology that allows the expert opinion of the topic to be projected through the selection of particular research, catering towards the specialists and experts to notify them of the latest discoveries on engineered bacteria inRead MoreMy Journey Towards Studying Microbial Infections1226 Words   |  5 PagesStatement of Purpose Over the past sixteen years, my insatiable thirst for delving deep into Microbiology coupled with my profound aptitude for research has inspired me to pursue a Ph.D. My journey towards this aim began with the incident when I was ten and my brother, seven, and he had chicken pox. I had to stay away from him during the quarantine period and the curiosity led to a mini research project, which fuelled my interest in studying microbial infections. Since then this circuitous ride hasRead MoreEssay about Module 1 Homework975 Words   |  4 PagesHomework Assignment Use the information presented in this module along with additional outside research to answer the questions: 1. Describe how applied microbiology is used to improve aspects of life and the environment. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms (VanMeter, VanMeter, Hubert, n.d., p.3). These are all of the things not visible to the human eye. With the study of microbiology, it enables us to find things such as viruses and bacteria. This is helpful because sickness andRead MoreApplication Treatment Options For Diseases981 Words   |  4 Pageslimitations I saw firsthand instigated my pursual of research to explore an in depth relationship between disease and host. My interest in host-pathogen interactions started when I found a strong relationship between my Microbiology and Human Physiology courses the fall of 2013. For example, while I was learning about the bacteria Clostridium botulinum in Microbiology, I was also learning about the nervous system in Human Physiology. In Microbiology we learned that Clostridium botulinum releases neurotoxinsRead MoreAntibiotic Resistance And Its Effects On Nonpathogenic Strains967 Words   |  4 PagesMicrobiology Research Paper: Antibiotic Resistance and its effects on nonpathogenic strains in the microbiome Lourdes Samantha Valencia MW Microbiology 12 Matthew Schweitzer Fall 2015 Antibiotic resistance had been a crisis in the United States for many years now. According to the CDC, â€Å"up to 50% of the time, antibiotics are not optimally prescribed, often done so when not needed, [or with] incorrect dosing or duration† (CDC). More and more bacteria are becoming antibiotic resistant mostly dueRead MoreLouis Pasteur : The Real Pastor Of Science1520 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the greatest chemists and biologists the world has ever known in the most important scientific time period (â€Å"Louis Pasteur†). Louis Pasteur’s life, major contributions to the world, and legacy that he left will be truly investigated in this paper. Early Life On December 27, 1822, Louis Pasteur came into the world in the town of Dole, Jura, France (Tames n.pag.). His family was Catholic under the parents of Jean-Joseph Pasteur and Jeanne-Etiennette Roqui. They were quite poor as his dad wasRead MoreThe Biology Of A Research Scientist983 Words   |  4 Pagesof the science debates and was involved in paper presentations involving grave matters encompassing current problems as well as coming up with practical solution. This pragmatic approach towards science and a need to understand the fundamentals of how things work thrusted me towards the career of a research scientist. Being logical in reasoning and having higher inclination towards the practical research, I undertook an undergraduate course in Microbiology at Mumbai University. The Bachelor’s course

Reciprocal Teaching Definition, Strategies, Examples

Reciprocal teaching is an instructional technique aimed at developing reading comprehension skills by gradually empowering the students to take on the role of the teacher. Reciprocal teaching makes students active participants in the lesson. It also helps students transition from  guided  to independent readers and reinforces strategies for comprehending the meaning of a text.   Reciprocal Teaching Definition In reciprocal teaching, the teacher models four comprehension strategies (summarizing, questioning, predicting, and clarifying) through guided group discussions. Once the students are comfortable with the process and the strategies, they take turns leading similar discussions in small groups. The reciprocal teaching technique was developed in the 1980s by  two University of Illinois educators (Annemarie Sullivan Palincsar and Ann L. Brown). Using reciprocal teaching, improvements have been noted in  student reading comprehension in as little as three months and maintained for up to one year. The Highland Park School District in Michigan saw gains of nearly 20% with fourth-grade students and improvement across the board for all students, K-12. The Four Strategies The strategies used in reciprocal teaching (sometimes called the Fab Four) are summarizing, questioning, predicting, and clarifying. The strategies work in tandem to dramatically increase comprehension. Summarizing Summarizing is a vital, though sometimes challenging,  skill for readers of all ages. It requires that students use a summarizing strategy to  pick out the main idea and key points of the text. Then, the students must put that information together in order to concisely explain the meaning and content of the passage in their own words. Start with these summarizing prompts: What is the most important part of this text?What is it mostly about?What happened first?What happened next?How did it end or how was the conflict resolved? Questioning Questioning the text helps students develop critical thinking skills. Model this skill by asking questions that encourage students to dig deep and analyze, rather than summarize. For example, prompt the students to consider why the author made certain stylistic or narrative decisions. Start with these prompts to encourage students to question the text: Why do you think†¦?What do you think†¦?When [specific incident] happened, how do you think†¦? Predicting Predicting is the skill of making an educated guess. Students can develop this skill by looking for clues in order to figure out what will happen next in the text, or what the storys main message will be. When studying a non-fiction text, students should preview the text’s title, subheadings, bold print, and visuals such as maps, tables, and diagrams. When studying a work of fiction, students should look at the book’s cover, title, and  illustrations. In both instances, the students should look for clues that help them predict the author’s purpose and the topic of the text. Help students practice this skill by giving open-ended prompts that include phrases like I believe and because: I think the book is about†¦because†¦I  predict I will learn†¦.because†¦I think the author is trying to (entertain, persuade, inform)†¦because... Clarifying Clarifying involves using strategies to understand unfamiliar words or complicated texts as well as self-monitoring to ensure overall reading comprehension. Comprehension problems may arise due to difficult words in the text, but they can also result from students being unable to identify the main idea or key points of the passage. Model clarifying techniques such as rereading, using the glossary or a dictionary to define difficult words, or inferring meaning from context. Additionally, show students how to identify problems with phrases  such as: I didn’t understand the part†¦This is difficult because†¦I am having trouble†¦ Example of Reciprocal Teaching in the Classroom To better understand how reciprocal teaching works in the classroom, consider this example, which focuses on The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle. First, show students the book cover. Read the title and author’s name out loud. Ask, â€Å"What do you think this book is going to be about? Do you think the author’s purpose is to inform, entertain, or persuade? Why? Next, read the first page out loud. Ask, â€Å"What kind of egg do you think is on the leaf? What do you think will come out of the egg?† When the caterpillar eats all of the food, pause to determine if the students need any clarification. Ask, â€Å"Has anyone eaten a pear? What about a  plum? Have you ever tried salami?† Later in the story, pause to find out if the students know the word cocoon. If not, help the students infer the words meaning from the text and pictures.  Ask them to predict what will happen next. Finally, after finishing the story, guide the students through the summarizing process. Help them identify the main idea and key points with the following questions. Who or what is the story about? (Answer: a caterpillar.)What did he do? (Answer: He ate more food every day. On the last day, he ate  so much  food he had a stomach ache.) Then what happened? (Answer: He made a cocoon.)Finally, what happened at the end? (Answer: He came out of the cocoon in the form of a beautiful butterfly.) Help students turn their answers into a concise summary, such as, â€Å"One day, a caterpillar started eating. He ate more and more every day until he had a stomach ache. He made a cocoon around himself and, two weeks later, he  came out of the cocoon as a beautiful butterfly. As students become  comfortable with these techniques, ask them to take turns leading the discussion. Make sure that every student has a turn leading the discussion. Older students who are reading in peer  groups can begin taking turns leading their group.

Can A College Education Cut the Risk of Living in Poverty...

Can a college education cut the risk of living in poverty? Poverty has tremendously increased because The United States recently entered a recession in December 2007. The loss of jobs, health benefits and higher cost of living affected the nation and citizens struggling to avoid poverty. In such a competitive environment, a college education increases self-value and opportunity. America’s current depression tremendously affected the nation with the rise in poverty, unemployment, and loss of health care. Reducing the risk of becoming victims to poverty is the plan and an education serves as a positive resource for taking action. Pursuing an education is time-consuming, but it stabilizes his or her foundation. Certainly, everyone†¦show more content†¦Countless reasons make an education powerful during America’s current depression, including: †¢ Affording the higher cost of living †¢ Expand personal and professional networking skills †¢ Personalize and adds value to an individual by standing out †¢ Creates and expand opportunities for avoiding a crisis. †¢ Higher salary and attract employers †¢ Acquiring respect of employer Poverty refers to poor conditions, lack of means of providing when necessary, and unproductive. Multiple poor conditions vary from many amounts of: †¢ Natural disasters caused by Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Floods, Wild fires, Earthquakes, etc. †¢ Warfare caused by human destruction to an infrastructure. †¢ A lack of education and requirements is necessary to acquire goals. †¢ Crime caused by robberies, drugs, homicides, rape, etc. Understandably, an education does not end poverty, but cuts it, some people question why? Not everything linked to poverty is preventable when some natural disasters are unstoppable, such as the cause of Hurricane Katrina that struck many cities in Louisiana the year of 2005. The ability to cut crime is possible, but people will always attempt to corrupt society and innocent citizens who work hard to make their living. Crime exists nationwide in seek of fast money and supporting families, but nothing worth acquiring exist in a speedy way. Everyone agrees achieving goals is time-consuming; â€Å"however, living theShow MoreRelatedThe Common Core Places On Standardized Testing1634 Words   |  7 Pageshappens to be even more alarming when you realize that countless children in poverty worry about more than what they happen to be learning in school. Another way teachers try increase scores on standardized tests is by sho wing a â€Å"tolerance of drop outs and the promotion of push outs to get rid of the least academically talented students† (Berliner 254), as we have already discussed high school drop-outs have a higher poverty rate. With unqualified teachers becoming more prevalent and the latest implementationRead MoreWhy College Tuition in America Should Be Lowered1496 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Why College Tuition Should be Lowered By Sarah Claymiller What could you do with $14,000? Well, you could buy 4,000 Whoppers with that money. You could also buy 35 IPads, and 4 80 inch flat screen TVs. Or, instead of those things, you could buy yourself one year’s worth of college tuition. Does it seem a little unusual that only one year of tuition costs that much? It might be if you live outside of America; the United States is one of the biggest spenders on secondary education compared to otherRead MorePoverty Can Be Defined As The State Of Being Poor1493 Words   |  6 PagesAngel Rosales Professor Nkosi Sociology 2 December 2015 Poverty in America Poverty can be defined as the state of being poor which refers to the deprivation or insufficiency of basic needs which include food, water, shelter, clothing, and education. In America, poverty affects millions of people with a poverty rate of almost 15%. Poverty is an important social problem to address because it affects everyone in a society either directly or indirectly. Those that are affected directly are about 47Read MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1486 Words   |  6 Pagesnations in the world with having a high inequality than other industrialized countries. Inequality exists in income, wealth, power and education. People who are legally and socially poor in the United States tend to stay in a cycle through life, not always by choice, but because they are given less opportunities, education and tools to achieve their success. The poverty stricken class has a significantly larger income gap than the upper class, the American Dream is weakened through opportunity and is Read MorePoverty And How People With Poverty Suffer Real Psychological Issues870 Words   |  4 PagesAs a college student pursuing a career, I found it interesting to research the topic of poverty and how people with poverty suffer real psychological issues. Psychology class made me think about problems in a different perspective. Poverty is a serious societal problem that people struggle with everyday with out knowing how much of a psychological toll it takes on these people. It only gets harder as they dig themselves a hole they cannot climb out of. Although some social, economic, and politicalRead MoreWhy Canada Is A Social Policy Perspective1079 Words   |  5 Pagesbe one of the most developed countries in the world, with a wide range of social programs that contribute to a high-standard of living. As with many mixed economies, Canada could be described as a welfare society , meaning that the government plays a major role in ensuring the well-being of its citizens. This comes in the form of free healthcare, access to education, employment insurance and various other social programs. Despite Canada s record of being a fiscally balanced and responsible nationRead MoreThe Impacts Of Poverty And Education1835 Words   |  8 PagesThe impacts of poverty on children are wide-reaching and can prompt long-term life struggles, particularly when young people don’t receive a good education. Poverty and education are inseparably connected, on the grounds that people living in poverty may quit school, so they can work instead, which leaves them with a lack of literacy and numeracy skills, which then causes them to not be able to advance in their careers. Their children, thusly are brought up in a comparable circumstance years laterRead MoreTaking a Look at Gun Control1226 Words   |  5 Pagesloopholes for corporations. Providing tax cuts to small businesses and investing in a clean-energy economy, while putting Americans to work will rebuild our infra structure. I would start by providing stimulus for the economy by giving everyone money to spend. When everyone gets the money back, they will simply spend it on products that will put the money back into the economy and jump start the economy and production. I am against waivers for private colleges because it does not work for the less fortunateRead MoreThe Social Causes Of Poverty1780 Words   |  8 PagesSOCIAL CAUSES OF POVERTY USING SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION By Anya’ Burnett Soc 101 I01 Midlands Technical College (MTC) 03-03-2017 Abstract This review is formulated with scholarly sources and references based off of poverty in America. This disclosure is approached with a value free sociological approach, and it will give insight on the social causes of poverty and the effects it has on America. Poverty is a very controversial topic. Many will assume that people living in poverty are lazy, madeRead More United States Tax Policy Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesproven to be a necessary component of a growing economy as means of generating revenue for the federal budget. The federal budget funds the many government programs implemented to keep the disabled, elderly, and unemployed from falling bellow the poverty level. Unfortunately, this fund is not always available when catastrophic evens, such as an economic recession, deplete the revenue coming in and create a budget deficit. In order to regenerate money coming in and replace the deficit, the government

Palmata Case Study - 867 Words

A study by Ritchie, 2006 illustrated how a temperature increase initiates a temporal shift within A.palmata mucus isolates, from beneficial bacteria to dominance by members of the genus Vibrio, suggesting that protective mechanisms employed by this species are lost under warmer conditions. Increased temperatures lowering coral resistance, thus, increasing disease susceptibility is well documented (Bruno, 2007; Muller et al, 2008), as is the rise in ocean heat content (Figure 3). Figure 3: Time series showing seasonal and annual average of global upper ocean heat content for the 0-700m layer since 1955 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) A suggested source of the WBD pathogen is African dust of which hundreds of millions of†¦show more content†¦Both species affected emphasise asexual fragmentation at the expense of dispersive sexual reproduction therefore, recovery is further strained due to the reproductive strategies (Aronson Precht, 2001). In addition to this, two pesticides commonly incorporated into African dust have been found to interfere with the settlement of coral larvae (Virginia et al, 2003). Management Strategies Responsive management plans are limited due to a lack of effectual diagnosis methods. Protective statuses’ such as being listed on the IUCN can act as a buffer following outbreaks, and it has been shown the decreased damage from human impacts via the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPA’s) lowers disease prevalence in corals (Lamb et al, 2015; Groner et al, 2015), yet despite this, implementing effective preventative and conservation methods remains a cause for concern. Trial studies have shown antibiotic treatments to be successful in supressing transmission of WBD, specifically with the use of Ampicillin and Tetracycline, although the latter being less efficient (Kline, 2011) and Paromomycin has been shown to arrest the disease completely (Sweet et al, 2014). Genetic research has shown that gene flow is regionally restricted in both Acropora species; Hemond and Vollmer, 2010, identified mitochondrial DNA sequence data unique within A. cervicornis of the Florida Keys suggesting colonies within this area are highly genetically

Christian Ethics Are Too Rigid for Moral Decision Making Free Essays

It can be argued, that when referring to the Bible, teachings within it are too rigid for moral decision making. There are many reasons for this, some which are very evident, particularly when looking at certain teachings. On the other hand, some argue that most religious ethics are the right way to approach moral decision making as these contain the teachings and word of God so must be correct. We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Ethics Are Too Rigid for Moral Decision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of St. Paul’s teachings are heavily criticised for being too rigid. For example if a Christian were to be offered a promotion in a career, but it meant that they were to take someone else’s job and leave them without one, such teachings as, â€Å"Let your conduct be without covetousness; be content with such things as you have. For He Himself has said, ‘I will never leave you nor forsake you. ‘† (Heb. 13:5). See also: 1 Tim. 6:9-11, would not help in this situation. This is discouraging an individual for taking that particular thing away from another even if it were to mean that they were happier as a result. Therefore there is no flexibility about this, and the decision would be made to reject the offer of the career as one should not be jealous or want what another has. On the other hand, many argue that St. Paul’s teachings are rigid and can be seen from many different angles. For example the teaching, â€Å"But do not forget to do good and to share, for with such sacrifices God is well pleased† (Heb. 13:16) can be applied to many situations when making moral decisions, as it is very broad and not specific. Therefore the teaching is flexible enough to be applied to almost every situation. However it could be argued that teachings such as this are not specific enough to give strong guidance in a moral decision, particularly those which are life changing. Fundamentalist Christians would agree that St. Paul’s teachings are not too rigid as they believe that we should abide by the exact word of the Bible, as this is God’s word and not try to attempt to alter them in any way. When studying the Ten Commandments, many believe that these cannot be applied literally to every situation as there are different approaches that can be taken. For example commandment number four, ‘Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy’ cannot be applied to the modern day as many people now work on a Sunday but still worship the Lord. Even Jesus Christ worked on a Sunday and was told not to when he was healing others. Even though he was acting out of love, this was still seen as work and was therefore against the word of God. Liberal Christians would agree that the Ten Commandments are too rigid to be used for moral decision making as different situations. For instance commandment six, ‘You shall not murder’ could be arguable. This is because if a girl was being raped and in self-defence killed the rapist, could it not be argued that this is justifying right? Due the fact that the murder was only a result of the sin that the rapist committed to begin with. Fundamentalist Christians would not agree with this, as they believe that the Ten Commandments are rules to be abided by, from God. However it can then be argued that if a person is only being obedient to the rules of God and doing what they are told, are they actually making a moral decision? This then also questions whether that person also then has any moral autonomy if they are just obeying the word of God. This is a strong criticism against religious ethics when used for moral decision making. Another criticism is that many religious ethics are very hard to be applied to modern day situations. This is because the teachings within the Bible were written thousands of years ago, and with advances with technology and society generally, situations occur today which would not have back then. Therefore these ethics can be seen as too rigid to apply to modern day moral decisions. In particular many of St. Paul’s teachings are arguably sexist. For instance St. Paul preached that women should not be able to work, and yet today work between men and women is very equal with certain acts making this possible. Therefore as previously mentioned, it can be argued that St. Paul’s teachings are too rigid for moral decisions, as they do not take account for the modern day. Despite this, many argue that some Christian ethics are not too rigid for moral decision making e. . situation ethics. It is seen that situation ethics offers moral maturity and particularly conscience and prayer allows the Christian to have autonomy. Many Christians today take a liberal approach to moral decision making, as they are able to adapt the scripture for the particular situation that they are in and believe that this will achieve the best outcome. However Fundamentalist Christians will argu e that if Christian ethics are too flexible then this could result with no ethics or guidance in what to do, and Christians will make the wrong moral decisions. In conclusion, Fundamentalist and Liberal Christians take different approaches to moral decision making using religious ethics. Fundamentalist Christians will take a strict legalism approach and abide by rules from God such as the Ten Commandments, and only act by the teachings within the Bible, and how they believe that God would have wanted them to. On the other hand, Liberal Christians take a more copious approach and use Christian teachings such as situation ethics to help them make moral decisions. This is because they allow them to be flexible and are able to apply the rule of ‘love’ to every situation. I would agree with Liberal Christians, as I believe that this approach allows us to adapt Christian ethics for the modern day situation and I believe that this will achieve the best outcome whilst still following the word of God and acting lovingly. Therefore I believe that Christian ethics such as religious ethics saves Christianity from being too rigid. How to cite Christian Ethics Are Too Rigid for Moral Decision Making, Essay examples

The Illegal Body Parts Trade free essay sample

The Illegal Body Parts Trade With a world wide shortage of organs, the black market organ and tissue trade has grown out of control due to the rising demand from the sick and dying. This shortage of organs is fueling an illicit business of buying and selling all sorts of organs and tissues, often through involuntary donation. While it would be nice to have an ample supply of organs and tissues for sick people that desperately need them, the black market organ and tissue trade needs more enforcement in order to cease the profiteering of immoral and unethical transplanting of organs from human to human. The number of people requiring a life-saving transplant continues to rise faster than the number of available donors. In the United States, over 101,000 people are on the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network waiting list, but there are only about1100 donors (â€Å"Data†). According to OrganDonor. Gov, 19 people die each day waiting for life-saving organ transplants (â€Å"The Shortage†). Society as a whole needs to find a humane answer to this widening gap. One way organs and tissues arrive on the black market is from living donors. The desperation of some people that become financially destitute is dumbfounding. Why anyone in perfectly good health would sell any part of their body is beyond my comprehension. I understand the principle of donating an organ to help someone that needs it in order to survive, but parting with an organ for the sole reason of profit is crazy. If I were in this situation, even if the money was needed to feed my family, I have a hard time seeing myself ever doing something so extreme. There has to be another way. The lengths that some people will go for money stretch as far as selling a cornea, which leaves the donor blind in that eye (â€Å"Experts warn†). Usually these illegal organs sell to the highest bidder. Other body parts that can be harvested are veins, bones, skin, intestine, heart, lungs, and many other parts of the anatomy (â€Å"Organ Donation Statistics†). I have a friend who has a cadaver ACL in his knee that was donated legally. His doctor told him that the ligament to be replaced was beyond repair because he tore the ligament too many times. The only viable option was another actual ligament that hadn’t been damaged before, one from a cadaver. I have heard of synthetic repairs for this procedure, but apparently they are an inferior option to the real body part meant to be there. Certain parts of the anatomy can also be used for reconstructive and cosmetic surgeries. For example, burn victims often need skin grafts and trauma patients sometimes need reconstructive surgery using pieces of bone. Sometimes the tissues can be supplied from the patient’s own body. Using the black market to acquire organs is also dangerous. Poor medical practices in third world countries abroad can’t possibly provide the level of care available in well developed countries like the United States. Often surgery takes place in makeshift operating rooms. Stories abound of converting shanties and whole levels of hotels into wards. Infections have and do occur. A study conducted by the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, analyzed the aftereffects of 33 people that traveled outside the United States for kidney transplants. One year after surgery, 30% of the kidneys were rejected by the patients, including one death. This is a higher percentage than normal compared to transplants done in the United States (â€Å"Obtaining Kidney Transplants†). The risk of infection applies to the donor as well. Abdel-Rahman Abdel-Aziz lives in the slums of Cairo. He sold his kidney for US$2300. A year after his surgery his health became so poor he could barley walk around his apartment. If anyone had made clear to me the danger, I wouldnt have done it, he said (â€Å"Couple scarred†). What benefit is gained from selling an organ if you get an infection and die? Money is useless when you’re dead. The harvesting of organs and tissues is not always done for money. Many people donate because they have family members or loved ones that desperately need a transplant in order to survive whatever ailment is afflicting them. Others donate simply because they can. The act of voluntary donation can be done while alive or after deceased, although donors who are still alive are limited as to what can be donated. For instance, someone can donate a kidney or part of their liver while they’re still alive, but it would be hard to survive having donated a heart. If more people would voluntarily donate their body parts without jeopardizing their health, the world wide organ shortage would be drastically reduced. It would also help if more people agreed to donate after death. The donation of whole cadavers is the most beneficial. Just one cadaver can yield over a dozen transplantable organs and tissues (Shanteau). The illegal sale of organs and tissues from the dead is a substantial area of supply for the black market body parts trade. The fact that a whole cadaver can be dissected and sold for parts for over $200,000 makes the practice all too appealing for some, no matter the risk (Carreon). The horror stories of doctors, funeral homes, prisons, and organized crime outfits essentially stealing organs have been documented. Even in the United States this has happened. A couple of men involved with the Willed Body Program at UCLA, a program that provides cadavers donated to science for medical students, used the medical center as a front for over six years to traffic body parts to the black market. Over 800 cadavers were dismembered and sold for parts (Carreon). Another case in California involved a doctor who tried to speed up his patient’s death so he could harvest the patient’s organs. The patient, Ruben Navarro, was on life support and his family had given their permission to donate his organs. Navarro’s doctor, Dr. Roozrokh, prematurely administered several drugs in order to hasten the process. Under California state law, transplant doctors cannot direct the care of organ donors before they are declared dead. Navarro’s mother was very upset. They mistreated him and they abused him and they took advantage of him and me, said Rosa Navarro. He didnt die with dignity, and I didnt have the chance to really say goodbye to him. I dont think it is right. These people need to pay for what they did to him (Ornstein). Organ theft happens all over the world and is taking place with frightening frequency. In Egypt, three men supposedly went in for a job interview and oddly were subjected to medical examinations. The doctor â€Å"discovered† that they all were suffering from a kidney infection requiring emergency surgery. They later woke up in the hospital missing a kidney (Bassoul). These types of stories were believed to be urban legend until true accounts like this surfaced. I wish the stories were just urban legend. There are also stories that involve kidnapped children as well as adults. In Albania, doctors working for a terrorist group were taking organs from Serbs kidnapped in Kosovo and Metohija. The bodies were dumped in an abandoned mine shaft and in a swamp (â€Å"Illegal Organ†). Recently a woman in Nepal was burned to death for attempting to steal a child intended for the organ trade. A number of children have gone missing recently in this area and police believe it is the work of organized crime groups involved with the black market organ trade (â€Å"Woman Burnt†). Also, in the Philippines, the National Bureau of Investigation recently issued an alert warning to the rise of child abductions. The kidnappers take the children for the purpose of selling their organs to people from other countries (â€Å"Alert†). This is the worst act that I have read or heard about and it makes me sick. This alone should be enough to warrant more action and involvement to stop the trade of black market organs. Victims of violence in third world countries have also been pillaged for body parts. Nancy Scheper-Hughes, a world renowned expert on the global human organ trade, said that in South Africa she witnessed â€Å"the cadavers of poor, mostly black, victims of violence being looted for usable eyes and heart valves† (Scalise). In addition to organs stolen from people that died from violence, prisoners have also been targeted as an easy source of body parts. China executes more prisoners than any other country in the world, more than 1770 in 2005, and has admittedly sold organs from executed prisoners (â€Å"Organ sales†). A survey between organ transplant professionals was conducted and a large portion of them surveyed agreed that procurement methods were ethically sound in the United States and Europe, but only 4% thought that the procurement methods in China were ethically sound (â€Å"Majority Of Doctors†). This could explain some of the infections and aftereffects that have been reported with transplants done outside the United States. The majority of organ sales and transplants take place abroad. China is now a major hub for transplants, followed by the Philippines and India. Patients seeking new organs travel from other countries to come over for what has been called â€Å"transplant tourism† ( Merion). The countries that see the highest number of recipients of organ transplants tend to be well developed countries like the United States, Australia, Japan, and Canada (Shimazono). I personally would wait for a certified organ from a U. S. donor list that has been matched for me and tested for viability, as not all transplants abroad go as planned. One of the many reasons that the purchase and sale of organs is illegal is because it unfairly provides organs to the highest bidders. This usually means that only the wealthy are able to afford transplants. Some have suggested legalizing the organ trade saying that it would increase the donor pool and prevent the need for illegal and dangerous â€Å"transplant tourism. † Other proponents think that a person has the right to do whatever they want to ith their body. People who oppose the idea think that legalization would increase the growth of black market organ sales because it might increase the overall market for organs (Petechuk). The suggestion that legalizing the sale of organs may lower scientific standards in exchange for quick and easy money should also be considered. The sale of body parts is illegal in most of the world. This has not stopped desperate patients seeking transplants to replace their failing organs with healthy ones from either willing donors or from forced donation. Many times that transplants are performed the patients don’t know where the organs come from or how the organs were acquired. I would have to imagine this â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell† policy suits most recipients just fine. The illicit underground organ transplant market brings up strong ethical and moral issues as well. There is no question that the world needs a larger supply of transplantable organs, but the way many of these organs are acquired and procured is sad and inhumane. Whether it is through the many scams out there, forced involuntary donation, or the murder of innocent poor people, organ acquisition without consent needs to be stopped. The sale of organs by the poor is thought by many to exploit the human body. Others say that it erodes the sense of community. I would have to agree. It is sad that the illegal sale of human bodies and body parts has become such a lucrative business. The organized groups that steal organs have no regard for human life. All they see are dollar signs, or whatever their currency may be. Is there a good solution to the escalating organ trade problem? I definitely think more education and involvement should be addressed to the issue. If more people knew about this horrible industry it would get the attention it needs. As Nancy Scheper-Hughes stated in the book titled The body: a reader, â€Å"The problem is that markets are by nature indiscriminate and inclined to reduce everything – including human beings, their labor, and their reproductive capacity to the status of commodities† (Scheper-Hughes). Not-for-profit voluntary donation is far from adequate for supplying enough organs, but for now it is the only legal and sensible option.

Government Policies and their Effects on the UK Construction Industry Essay Example For Students

Government Policies and their Effects on the UK Construction Industry Essay Introduction Today the whole universe is recognizing the importance of sustainability and this is because our planetary hereafter depends on it. It is aboriginal to happen a sustainable hereafter as there are three issues that are presently impacting the universe, viz. fossil fuel depletion, clime alteration due to CO2 emanations, and the increasing costs of energy and H2O. Many states around the universe have shown their concern towards these dismaying issues and are willing to take part in the pursuit for a more sustainable societal, environmental and economic hereafter. Agenda 21 is the design for sustainability in the 21stcentury. Established at the 1992 United Nations Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, its purpose is to supply guidelines to cover with the jobs of poorness, hungriness, resource ingestion and the impairment of ecosystems. Agenda 21 provides a format for this to go on, detailing an action program for sustainable development and set uping marks for actions that combine economic development and environmental protection. UK is among those states, who have agreed to take this committedness and one of the major jobs being tackled by the authorities is hapless lodging. To advance green development the UK authorities came up with a nothing C docket in December 2006 and in grand 2013 published a lodging criterions reexamine audience as an enterprise for sustainable lodging. However this papers has raised many inquiries about the impact it may hold on the sustainable lodging docket. The Sustainable Housing Agenda In December 2006, the UK Government promised that all new places would be ‘zero carbon’ from 2016 and introduced the Code for Sustainable Homes, against which all new places would be rated, on a scope of different sustainability steps. This was a land interrupting proclamation, and had a electric consequence on the house edifice industry and supply concatenation. An unbelievable sum of invention has taken topographic point which has seen new places being built to progressively high environmental criterions en path to 2016. Last twelvemonth, the Government consulted on alterations to Part L of the Building Regulations for 2013 including proposals for new places. UK-GBC responded here. After a long hold, in July 2013 Government issued a Written Ministerial Statement puting out what the upheaval to Part L will be, and confirmed that the upheaval will be postponed to April 2014. The Government announced in October 2012 that they would set about a extremist and cardinal reappraisal of the full model of Building Regulations and voluntary lodging criterions. Last twelvemonth the Government consulted on alterations to lodging criterions. In March 2014 Government published its response to the Housing Standards Review in a Written Ministerial Statement from Stephen Williams MP. The Government confirmed its purpose to weave down the Code for Sustainable Homes and to consolidate proficient criterions into the Building Regulations. The purpose is to apologize and simplify the criterions that are presently used, whilst leting a grade of local flexibleness. The Housing Standards Review In the UK there are a big figure of local and national lodging criterions which each local authorization can necessitate from house builders through the planning system. It is known that lodging criterions are complex, and frequently overlap or contradict each other, or contradict parts of the Building Regulations themselves. These criterions increase the development costs for house builders and could be seen to blockade growing as these extra costs can do some developments economically unviable. The assorted local criterions are designed to undertake a scope of different market failures in the building of new places. However, the deficiency of co-ordination across criterions and the manner they are introduced, modified and enforced makes it uneffective for rectification of such market failures. Alternatively it consequences in unneeded costs being incurred by house builders and holds. Colonialism EssayThe debut of the Code for Sustainable Homesset a immense challenge for house builders and the supply concatenation but one which they responded to in a genuinely impressive manner. Note must be taken that the 200,000 houses which are either built or being constructed to the Code have benefited from reduced C emanations, lower fuel measures, increased security, and improved wellness and well-being for those that live in them compared with what ordinances required. The Code has non merely driven down the cost of sustainable lodging but has besides delivered invention in the supply concatenation ensuing in planetary export chances. In add-on it has created a figure of important economic, environmental and societal benefits for the state that the population would non desire to lose. Impact on sustainable stuffs As the UK move towards zero C edifices, the usage of more sustainable stuffs ( such as lumber ) is going progressively of import relation to the impacts of constructing energy ingestion As such it is of great concern if the government’s proposal replaces the material facets of the Code as stuffs are non included within the Nationally Described Standards papers. There are concerns that entire abolishment of any criterions related to Materials could take to downgrading of the considerable work done in recent old ages to better the responsible sourcing of building merchandises and could smother invention in the thrust towards low C sustainable lodging Decision With the lodging criterions review the Government is reacting to the demand in lodging, which is presently achieving dismaying figures. The fact that the audience eases the house edifice procedure through the simplification of big complex local criterions it would non merely increase the figure of houses being built but besides provide a encouragement for the economic system. Unfortunately all this is being done in hurt of sustainability, therefore seting the hereafter in danger It is true thatthe regulative landscape demands to be simplified and needs to germinate into a system that works for all stakeholders and promotes a thriving house edifice sector. Nevertheless this would best be done by updating and edifice on the successes of the Code.’ ‘The lodging sector faces a host of new challenges that need to be addressed like wellness and well-being, an ageing population, the proviso of equal infinite, clime version and resource efficiency. The Government must look frontward to go oning to work with house builders and the wider industry in order to better and update codifications and criterions that work for people, the environment and the economy’ .

Huckleberry Finn - A Racist Novel Essays - , Term Papers

Huckleberry Finn - A Racist Novel? There is a major argument among literary critics whether Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, is or is not a racist novel. The question boils down to the depiction of Jim, the black slave, and to the way he is treated by Huck and other characters. The use of the word "nigger" is also a point raised by some critics, who feel that Twain uses the word too much and too loosely. Mark Twain never presents Jim in a negative light. He does not show Jim as a drunkard, as a mean person or as a cheat. This is in contrast to the way Huck's (white) father is depicted, whom Twain describes using all of the above characterizations and more. We see Jim as a good friend, a man devoted to his family and loyal to his companions. He is, however, very naive and superstitious. Some critics say that Twain is implying that all blacks have these qualities. When Jim turns to his magic hairball for answers about the future, we see that he does believe in some foolish things. But all the same, he is visited by both blacks and whites to use the hairball's powers. This type of naivete was abundant at the time and found among all races-the result of a lack of proper education. So the depiction of Jim is not negative in the sense that Jim is stupid and inferior, and in this aspect of the story clearly there is no racism intended. It is next necessary to analyze the way white characters treat Jim throughout the book. Note that what the author felt is not the way most characters act around Jim, and his feelings are probably only shown through Huck. In the South during that period, black people were treated as less than humans, and Twain needed to portray this. The examples of the way Jim is denigrated: by being locked up, having to hide his face in the daytime and how he is generally derided, are necessary for historical accuracy. So, Mark Twain had to display Jim's treatment in this manner, even if it is not the way he felt. Huck, however, does not treat Jim as most whites do. Huck looks at Jim as a friend, and by the end of their journey, disagrees with society's notion that blacks are inferior. There are two main examples of this in the story. The first one is where Huck is disgusted by Jim's plans to steal his own children, who are "someone else's property." While Huck is still racist here, Twain has written the scene in a way that ridicules the notion that someone's children can actually be the property of a stranger because the father is black. The second example is where Huck doesn't tell Jim's whereabouts, which would return Jim to slavery, and instead chooses to "go to Hell" for his decision. This is again Twain making a mockery of Southern values, that it is a sin to be kind to black people. Another reason that is given to say this novel is racist is the use of the word "nigger." This is not a good reason because this is how blacks were referred to then. To have used the word Negro or African-American would have taken away from the story's impact and make it sound stupid. If Twain wanted to write an historically accurate book, as he did, then the inclusion of this word is totally necessary. These claims that Huckleberry Finn is racist are not simply attempts to damage the image of a great novel. They come from people who are hurt by racism and don't like seeing it in any context. However, they must realize that this novel and its author are not racist, and the purpose of the story is to prove black equality.

Qu son las visas no inmigrantes y su problemtica

Qu son las visas no inmigrantes y su problemtica Las visas no inmigrante permiten a una persona extranjera visitar, estudiar, invertir o trabajar por un tiempo determinado en Estados Unidos. La regla general es que los extranjeros que quieran entrar temporalmente en EEUU necesitan un visado, si bien existen excepciones. Las visas no inmigrantes se distinguen de las visas de inmigrante, que se convierte en tarjetas de residencia en el momento en que la persona que viaja con una de ellas sellada en su pasaporte ingresa legalmente a los Estados Unidos. Quià ©nes no necesitan visa para visitar temporalmente los Estados Unidos Para estancias como turistas inferiores a los 90 dà ­as los ciudadanos de cualquiera de los paà ­ses amparados bajo el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas pueden entrar a EEUU sin visado. En la actualidad de entre todos los paà ­ses de habla hispana sà ³lo Espaà ±a est incluido en ese grupo de naciones. Estas personas necesitan rellenar electrà ³nicamente una ESTA antes de iniciar su viaje. Si es rechazada su solicitud, debern a la oficina consular correspondiente y solicitar una visa. Adems si la estancia es por razà ³n de trabajo o de estudios sà ­ debern contar con el visado correspondiente, aunque vayan a permanecer en EEUU por menos de tres meses. Tampoco necesitan visado los ciudadanos canadienses, salvo excepciones muy limitadas, como haber violado previamente su estatus migratorio, ser el cà ³nyuge de un residente legal permanente o de un ciudadano americano que quieren adquirir la green card. Y lo mismo aplica para los ciudadanos del territorio britnico de Bermudas, siempre y cuando su estancia sea inferior a 180 dà ­as. Por à ºltimo, los ciudadanos mexicanos y residentes legales permanentes en el paà ­s azteca que viven junto a la frontera estadounidense pueden cruzar a Estados Unidos utilizando la Tarjeta de Cruce de Frontera, conocida como visa lser, que debe ser expedida por una oficina consular en Mà ©xico. Todas las personas no incluidas en los grupos anteriores necesitan una visa para visitar, estudiar, hacer negocios, recibir tratamiento mà ©dico o trabajar temporalmente en EEUU. Ejemplos de visas no inmigrantes Mà ºltiples tipos de visas estn incluidas en esta categorà ­a, destacando: B1/B2, de turista, placer o negocios.C1 para trnsitoC1/D para trabajar en crucerosF1/M1 de estudiante o vocacional.G4 de empleados de organizaciones internacionales con sede en Estados Unidos como el FMI, la ONU o la OEA.J-1 para profesionales en situacià ³n de intercambio, acadà ©micos, nià ±eras, etc.O para personas con habilidades especiales en las Artes, el Deporte, la Educacià ³n, las Ciencias o Negocios. Algunas de estas visas de no inmigrante son consideradas como de â€Å"intencià ³n doble† o double intent en inglà ©s. Esto es, permiten que el extranjero entre temporalmente en EEUU pero es perfectamente là ­cito que busquen al mismo tiempo convertirse en residentes permanentes legales. Entre esas visas se encuentra, por ejemplo,  la H-1B y las L. Hay que tener muy claro que en en el caso de visas no inmigrantes el oficial  de inmigracià ³n en el puerto de entrada puede denegar la entrada al titular de una visa visa no inmigrante vlida si sospecha que la persona extranjera busca en realidad quedarse permanentemente en EEUU. Una vez en EEUU,  ¿se puede extender el plazo de estas visas? Sà ­, mediante el formulario I-539. Cada visa tiene sus propios requerimientos para solicitar la extensià ³n. Una delas ms sencillas de solicitar es la del visado de turista B1/B2. Cà ³mo se solicita una visa no inmigrante Depende del tipo de visado e incluso en algunos casos de la oficina consular que deba tramitar la peticià ³n. Sin embargo, para todas ellas quedarse ms tiempo del permitido  tiene consecuencias muy serias.    ¿Debo estar presente para solicitar la visa? Salvo excepciones muy concretas, como por ejemplo aplicar por una G-4 para trabajar en organizaciones internacionales, todos los solicitantes con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 79 aà ±os debern acudir en persona al consulado el dà ­a que se les cite para una entrevista. Los menores o mayores de esa edad podrn, por regla general, utilizar los servicios de un servicio de mensajerà ­a aprobado por la Embajada para realizar todas sus gestiones.  ¿Quà © pasa si la solicitud de visa es denegada? Aproximadamente, el 22 por ciento de las solicitudes de visas son rechazadas. Las causas pueden ser calificadas en dos grandes categorà ­as: inadmisiblidad e inelegibilidad. Estas son 20 causas por las que las visas no inmigrante pueden ser no aprobadas  por ser inelegible  . Adems, hay  22 razones que convierten a un extranjero en inadmisible para ingresar a los Estados Unidos. Frente a las causas de inelegibilidad no hay nada que hacer salvo que la causa que provoca el problema desaparezca. Por el contrario, en algunos casos ser posible pedir un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver o permiso, para subsanar el problema causado por algunas causas de inadmisibilidad. Finalmente, se recomienda tomar este test sobre visas  para garantizar los conocimientos mà ­nimos para sacar la visa y conservarla sin problemas de cancelacià ³n.

Education for Adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Education for Adults - Essay Example Andragogy is the process described by Malcolm Knowles, that makes adults take part in the learning experience. He basically developed the study of adult education. Knowles wanted to make a clear distinction between Andragogy and Pedagogy (school based training). He saw adults as more self directed, more mature and experienced therefore he said that their learning was more problem centered rather than subject centered, their readiness to learn is linked to what they need to know and their motivation toward learning is more internal. Knowles popularized the term "Andragogy", although he was not the first to one use the term. Andragogy first appeared in the writings of a German teacher named Alexander Kapp. Knowles was not the first one to identify the difference between child and adult learning but he was the first one to argue that Andragogy should be distinguished from pedagogy. The acceptance of his ideas may be due to desire at that time in the United States to highlight the growing practice of adult training. it also help differentiating between school teachers and adult teachers. Now the question is whether Adult education should be termed Andragogy and be treated different from pedagogy or not. In some places like Europe Andragogy is considered to be a part of Pedagogy. Knowles now says that both pedagogy and andragogy are not two opposed models but work parallel. Some people say however that Knowles concept completely ignores the social aspect of the theory. it misses out on the understanding of adult education as a distinctive social activity. (About, 1999) Reading no.2: The Field of Adult Education When we look at the field of andragogy and its purpose we tend to ask questions such as: is learning good Is the experience unproblematic What kind of adult education should be promoted in liberal democracy The difference between informal and formal education etc. all these are answered through: Experiential Learning Experiential learning focuses on the learning of an individual through his or her experiences. It is a process that cannot be tailored and occurs naturally. However experiential learning is not unproblematic. It can be difficult because people might have to unlearn things that they have known since their existence, things like racism or their own nature. Experiences are constantly interpreted by individuals differently. That means what one experience means a certain individual might mean completely different for another. This kind of learning is seen by many as the essence of adult learning. (Wagner, 2008) Social Support All kinds of education including adult education reflect the norms, values and political economy of the society for example, if there is need for more skilled workers in the labor force then the level of education will increase throughout. This interpretation does not apply universally. For example the Scandinavian support for this perspective could emphasize the extent of the power of organized labor and social democracy within countries. Balance of class favors support system. Formal, Non-formal, and Informal Education Formal education is what is known as post-secondary

Greenlea Residential Care Home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Greenlea Residential Care Home - Essay Example Mrs. Marchant is of the opinion that acquiring such reports is now becoming more and more bureaucratic. Her profits have been falling slightly during the last few years and this is becoming a cause of concern for her. Mrs. Merchant is now considering expanding the Care House by building an extension. This extension will enable her to house double the capacity. Of course, she feels , her staff will also have to be doubled to take care of the increased number of residents. She has acquired an estimate for the building and construction of this extension which amounts to 100,000 pounds. Since her debts are not very high she is seeking limited liability which will allow more financial protection. It will also ensure a greater range of tax concessions. However, she is facing one legal claim. An employee who fell down while assisting a resident and hurt her thumb is seeking compensation. But Mrs. Merchant is of the firm opinion that she will not pay compensation since there was a chair lift available and the employee had acted negligently resulting in a breach of regulations. Now she takes time off to prepare the necessary accounts to put her plan into action.

Customer Satisfaction in the Singapore Hotel Industry

Customer Satisfaction in the Singapore Hotel Industry Introduction Hotel is one of the most important organizations in the field of tourism industry in providing service. Therefore, they play a full role in improving and expanding the tourism industry and also in improving and developing economic circumstance. Today, customer satisfaction is a specific requirement for the improvement of service organizations such as hotels, and increase profitability. Thereby maintaining the system of measurement and evaluation of customer satisfaction is one of the most important aspects of improving the quality, but the basic needs of the recent organization. On the other hand, by expanding the borders of the global village, the need for only standard regulations to assess the quality of certain products and services, is to measure the situation of the organizations in the international market competition, may be felt more than ever Study background Customer satisfaction is a business philosophy, is a measure of how products and services offered by a company meet or exceed customer expectations. It is considered an important indicator of performance in business and is part of four of the Balanced Scorecard. Customer satisfaction with a companys products or service is often seen as the key to a companys success and long term competitiveness (Klee, 1998). Identify and forecast customer demands and to be able to meet them is important to achieve customer satisfaction. Due to the costs of attracting new customers costs more than retaining existing customers, to be successful managers must focus on retaining existing customers, effective implementation of policies Customer satisfaction and loyalty. This is especially true in the hotel industry. Today, managers in the hotel industry is facing one of the most important challenge is to provide and maintain customer satisfaction. Consequently, quality of service has become a factor important in the overall tourism experience, and one which ultimately dictates the success of the tourism business (Kandampully, 2000). According to Lewis and Booms (1982), service quality is measure of how well the service delivered matches customer expectations. Positive relationships can make higher commitment of customers and increase their rate of return. Long-term relationships between customers and hotel is becoming more important as the positive correlation between overall satisfaction levels of visitors and their ability to return to the same hotel. Hotels are increasing their investments to improve service quality and perceived value for customers to achieve customer satisfaction and loyalty better of them, thus achieving a better relationship with customers. Competition is increasing dramatically as variety of hotel industry; hence, the hotel management has always tried hard to provide the best service quality and the best satisfaction for customers in the hotel industry including hotels in Singapore. Study area This report covers of the main literature on customer satisfaction and retention in the hotel industry in Singapore. The hypothesis of the report will research based on the issues of the customer satisfaction and how a hotel management use effective policies to providing services and goods with a high quality to satisfy the customers and go through a lot of effort in maintaining their customer satisfaction, develop and make profits in their business focusing on Singapore area. Research structure The report focus mainly on Customer satisfaction emphasize on the area of hotel industry in Singapore. First chapter introduces background of the Customer satisfaction and briefly summarized importance of relevant issues. Second chapter identifies customer satisfaction in the hotel industry, purpose applying the best strategies to provide quality services to customer, reasons why need to maintain old customers and attract new customers. How to build customer loyalty, hotel attributes what services to customers and the legal regulations, strategic considerations will be explained. And fourth chapter concludes the best methods to proposing improvements in customer satisfaction management in the hotel industry. Research objectives The aims and objectives of this research are: What is customer satisfaction and how to achieve it? Hotels need to adopt effective strategies and create product attributes to customers to satisfy them. How the service quality related to customer satisfaction? Provide good service quality will gain customer satisfaction. Definition of customer loyalty and how to remain customer loyalty? To gain customer loyalty, hotel needs to have a good relationship with customers. What services quality is hotel need to provide to customer in order to get customer satisfaction, loyalty and repeat patronage? Cleanliness, location, security, room rates, service quality and reputation or chain of hotels. CHAPTER 2 / LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction of main issues In todays competitive market, the company provides services throughout the world effort to achieve a better position than its competitors through the only advantage to please their customers satisfaction and therefore retain their loyalty. On the other hand, customers are always looking for suppliers of goods and services of better quality and meet their expectations. But most vendors are now providing quality products with relatively equal, so customers always have multiple choices Therefore, in the hotel industry, considering the quality of service and customer satisfaction is very important, so it is necessary to adopt appropriate measures and procedures for recognition and improvement many services as possible to meet the hotel guests and customers. Analyze Customer satisfaction in hotel industry Customer satisfaction is an important topic for both researchers and managers, because of high levels of customer satisfaction leads to an increase in repeat patronage among current customers and aids customer recruitment by enhancing an organizations marker reputation. Being able to successfully judge customer satisfaction levels and to apply that knowledge are critical starting points to establishing and maintaining long term customer retention and long term competitiveness (Yuksel and Yuksel, 2002). Customer satisfaction brings many benefits, the satisfaction increases of customers retentions and customers retentions is dependent on the nature of the relationship between the parties which are also affected by the service delivered. Satisfaction is an overall customer attitude towards a service provider, or an emotional reaction to the difference between what customers anticipate and what they receive (Zineldin, 2000), regarding the fulfilment of some need, goal or desire. For most products, services and aspects of performance can be made to reflect objectively measured. Some customers may be taken to a house fit their criteria, but not suitable to the taste of individual customers to assess customer service as uncomfortable as they do not see a list of their choice. Kano, Bentler and Li-tze (1984) developed a model to categorize the attributes of a product or service based on how well they are able to satisfy customer needs. Consideration of the Kano model, we can see how it might not be enough to just satisfy customers by meeting their needs and performance basis only. In a highly competitive marketplace, organizations need to adopt strategies and to create product attributes targeted specifically at exciting customers and over satisfying them (Tan Pawitra, 2001). In the real estate to please and satisfy customers, agents will need to have a comprehensive knowledge and extensive list of all the local area. In essence, it is the experience and attitudes of individuals closest contact with customers that are likely to affect whether customers are satisfied and ready to go back to the company. It is also the people in direct contact with customers who determine who the retained and satisfied customers are, and their experience determines how they treat the customers (Hansemark Albinsson, 2004) thus impacting on the service quality delivered Advantages of providing good Service quality to customers The concept of service quality as a whole building is large and diverse. The theory has been elaborated on by many researchers. Berry, Parasuraman and Zeithaml (1985) write service quality as perceived by consumers stems from a comparison of what they feel service firms should offer with their perception of the performance of the firm providing the services. . Quality of service received is considered as the degree and direction of the difference between the perceptions of consumers. For example in real estate, this is what customers expect from the agent compare to which is actually distributed by that agent. In real estate, that interaction occurs from the moment the client and agent speak either verbally or electronically. It is evident that research on goods quality is inadequate in the service field, which has three inherent characteristics: intangibility, heterogeneity and inseparability between production and consumption (Berry, Parasuraman and Zeithmal, 1985). In this scenario, providing high quality services and improving customer satisfaction are widely recognized as fundamental factors boosting the performances of companies in the hotel and tourism industry (Barsky Labagh, 1992; Le Blanc, 1992,; Le Blanc et al., 1996; Stevens et al., 1995, Opermann, 1998). Hotels with good service quality will ultimately improve their profitability (Oh Parks, 1997). In a competitive hospitality industry which offers homogeneous services, individual hoteliers must be able to satisfy costumers better than their counterparts (Choi Chou, 2001). Strategies to maintain customer Loyalty There are three ways to determine customer loyalty that are Behavioural measurements, attitudinal measurement, and Composite measurements The measurements considered appropriate behaviour; buying behaviour is repeated as an indicator of loyalty. One problem with the approach to repeat purchase behaviour is not always the result of a psychological commitment to the brand. For example, a traveller can stay at the hotel because it is most convenient place. When a new hotel opens on the street, they switch because the new hotel offers better value. Therefore, repeat purchase does not always mean that commitment. Attitude measurement use attitudinal data to reflect the attitudes and psychological feelings associated inherent in loyalty. The attitudinal measurements are concerned with the sense of participation, loyalty and faithfulness. There are instances when a customer holding a favourable attitude for a hotel, but he or she does not stay at the hotel. One can appreciate a hotel, recommend the hotel to others, but feel the hotel for him too expensive to use on a regular basis. The above approaches measure loyalty uni dimensionally. Composite measurements of loyalty combine the first two dimensions and measure loyalty by customers product preferences, propensity of brand switching, frequency of purchase, regency of purchase and total amount of purchase. The use of both attitude and behaviour in a loyalty definition substantially increases the predictive power of loyalty (Pritchard and Howard, 1997). Two-dimensional composite method has been applied and supported as a valuable tool for understanding customer loyalty in many fields, such as retail, entertainment, luxury hotels and airlines. For this study, customer loyalty is customer attitude favourable to the company, committed to purchase products or services, and introduce products to them. According to a survey carried out by Barsky Nash in 2006, regarding the main hotel chains worldwide, between 2002 and 2005, the importance of loyalty programs for guests decision on where to stay increased from 32% to 34%. Although the search for new locations is certainly the most important factor for many tourists, several studies highlighted that there is a good portion of customers that chose to repeat their holidays destination, showing a certain degree of loyalty (Oppermann, 1998; Fyall et al., 2003). According to the study of loyalty found that, there are five major factors affecting the repetition of trip to the same tourist place. They do not want to make wrong choice when choosing the other tourist destinations. They want to meet those familiar. The emotional affection to a specific place. The possibility to explore the place better, and want to recommend the place to others. Customer satisfaction is the starting point to build customer loyalty, so a long term relationship. This creates a loyaltys stock in enterprises to improve corporate image. Strengthening relationships with customers leads to repeat patronage. On the other hand, an unsatisfied customer may represent a danger to the enterprise. A research, conducted by Cherubini (1997), shows that only 4% of unsatisfied customers complains to the business explaining the reason of their unsatisfaction, and each client who doesnt officially complain generates a negative WOM which can involve also 1000 people. Important role of Hotel attributes Research into hotel selection criteria has focused on the relationship between customer satisfaction and service quality of services and facilities. Because of the intangibility, inseparability, variability, and perishables of service, consumers perception of satisfaction criteria may include contextual cues that they use to evaluate the service quality and to make decisions about future patronage, whether or not they experienced the hotels products and services before (Bitner, 1990; Parasuraman et al., 1985). Alpert (1971 and Kivela (1996) viewed consumer product and services as a bundle of attributes, or features, and benefits, and stated that those attributes that directly influence consumer choice are termed determinant attributes. These attributes, which may be different from competitors services, may be important factors in determinant consumers intention to purchase in the future. Wuest et al. (1996) defined perceptions of hotel attributes as the degree to which travellers find various services and facilities important in promoting their satisfaction with hotel stays. To get loyalty and value than other competitors, suppliers must be able to achieve a high level of customer satisfaction for services provided. There have been many studies on the needs and characteristics of tourists. Reviews of literature that most travellers would consider following hotel attributes when giving the hotel choice decision: cleanliness, location, security, room rates, service quality and reputation or chain of hotels. Atkinson (1988_ found that cleanliness of accommodation, followed by safety and security, accommodation value for money, and courtesy and helpfulness of staff were the top attributes for travellers in hotel choice selection. Hoteliers need to fully acknowledge which service attributes are most likely to influence customers choice intentions (Richard Sundaram, 1993). Customer satisfaction practices can help them to identify the crucial favorable word of mouth (WOM) publicity (Berkman Gilson, 1986; Choi Chu, 2001; Fornell, 1992; Halstead Page, 1992; Knutson, 1988; Pizam, 1994). A satisfied guest promotes positive WOM at no cost for the enterprise and with effect and credibility that are superior to those of conventional advertising (Lee et al., 2006, Tarn, 2005, Villanueva et al., 2008). WOM effect is also amplified by the World Wide Web (Dominici, 2009; Trusov et al. 2009). CHAPTER 3 / CONCLUSION 3.0 Conclusions Hence, both exploring the importance for customers of single attributes in hotel selection and to systematically survey their level of satisfaction are indispensable. Research on the topic of guests leads to negative evaluations of the hotel, thus restricting the chance of repeat patronage guest satisfaction, which translates into the consideration of whether or not customers will return to a hotel or advice it to other tourists, is pivotal to the success of the hospitality business. Neglecting to pay attention to those hotel attributes considered most important by. CHAPTER 4 / REFERENCES