Microbiology Research Paper - 6879 Words

Melissa Babajko Microbiology 214BA Dr. May June 6, 2012 Staphylococcus aureus- Is a facultative anaerobic, Gram-positive, salt positive, cocci shaped bacterium. Staphylococcus aureus is found as normal part of the skin floral in the nasal passages and on the skin. An estimated twenty percent of people naturally have harmless Staphylococcus aureus on their skin and are long-term carries for Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common strand of Staphylococcus in humans to date, spread through skin to skin contact or even skin to object contact that an a person infected with Staphylococcus aureus has touched. Staphylococcus aureus is coagulase positive, which induces clumping of the cells and of the blood. Staphylococcus†¦show more content†¦(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22621239) PMID: 22621239 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] May 2012 Streptococcus pneumoniae- Is a Gram-positive bacterium in the shape of a slightly pointed cocci. They are usually found in pairs as diplococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae are alpha hemolytic bacterium. Streptococcus pneumoniae have a polysaccharide capsule that acts as a virulence factor for the organism; along with surface proteins that prevent the activation of complement pathways, and pili that enable S. pneumoniae to attach to epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract. Streptococcus pneumoniae lacks catalase and ferments glucose to lactic acid, like most other streptococci. However, unlike most other streptococci, it does not display an M protein and it hydrolyzes insulin, which help distinguish it from other streptococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of meningitis in adults and young adults throughout the world and is best known for causing pneumonia all other the world. Research Study: Due to a continuing increase in S. pneumoniaes antibiotic resistance, the search for a better vaccine is ongoing. Research on the Lactococcus lactis bacteria for use as a vaccine is promising; its production of the pneumococcal surface protein PspA makes it a good candidate for a mucosal vaccine, which could be administered through the nose instead of an injection (aShow MoreRelatedTargeting Of Host Organelles By Pathogenic Bacteri A Sophisticated Subversion Strategy1032 Words   |  5 Pagesfalls under the discipline of microbiology. Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms, these organisms being either unicellular, multicellular, or acellular. The review article also covers branches of microbiology, namely immunology and evolutionary microbiology. Immunology is the study of the immune system, and as such this applies to the review article which looks at how bacterial pathogens attack and take over responding immune cells. Evolutionary microbiology is the study of the evolutionRead MoreBiology : Study Of Living Organisms And Is Characterized As A Science1667 Words   |  7 PagesAwareness: Biology Section 1: Biology is the study of living organisms and is characterized as a science. A biological research paper is a method of presenting and interpreting data gathered by an investigator in an experiment or investigation. Brenna Cannon is a biology student at George Mason University and lab assistant in Dr. Geraldine Grant s lab who s research focuses on studying idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which is an interstitial lung disease. This experiment more specificallyRead MoreSop Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesI am writing to apply for the position of PhD fellowship in Discovery of novel natural antimicrobials. I am from Brazil and I have just obtained a Masters Degree in Microbiology by the Federal University of Vià §osa (UFV), here in my country. Currently I am revising some data to submit a paper from my dissertation. This PhD project has undeniable prestige abroad and valuable university and partner where I could work with genetics, physiology and bioinformatics in one topic that I can see differentRead MoreGenetically Bacteria And Its Potential Against Human Diseases And Disorders1223 Words   |  5 Pagescancer, viral and bacterial infections (Pià ±ero-Lambea, Ruano-Gallego and Fernà ¡nd ez, 2015). Current and relevant research to the topic are selected as evidence on how engineered bacterial is used and its potential against human diseases and disorders. Current opinion in biotechnology that allows the expert opinion of the topic to be projected through the selection of particular research, catering towards the specialists and experts to notify them of the latest discoveries on engineered bacteria inRead MoreMy Journey Towards Studying Microbial Infections1226 Words   |  5 PagesStatement of Purpose Over the past sixteen years, my insatiable thirst for delving deep into Microbiology coupled with my profound aptitude for research has inspired me to pursue a Ph.D. My journey towards this aim began with the incident when I was ten and my brother, seven, and he had chicken pox. I had to stay away from him during the quarantine period and the curiosity led to a mini research project, which fuelled my interest in studying microbial infections. Since then this circuitous ride hasRead MoreEssay about Module 1 Homework975 Words   |  4 PagesHomework Assignment Use the information presented in this module along with additional outside research to answer the questions: 1. Describe how applied microbiology is used to improve aspects of life and the environment. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms (VanMeter, VanMeter, Hubert, n.d., p.3). These are all of the things not visible to the human eye. With the study of microbiology, it enables us to find things such as viruses and bacteria. This is helpful because sickness andRead MoreApplication Treatment Options For Diseases981 Words   |  4 Pageslimitations I saw firsthand instigated my pursual of research to explore an in depth relationship between disease and host. My interest in host-pathogen interactions started when I found a strong relationship between my Microbiology and Human Physiology courses the fall of 2013. For example, while I was learning about the bacteria Clostridium botulinum in Microbiology, I was also learning about the nervous system in Human Physiology. In Microbiology we learned that Clostridium botulinum releases neurotoxinsRead MoreAntibiotic Resistance And Its Effects On Nonpathogenic Strains967 Words   |  4 PagesMicrobiology Research Paper: Antibiotic Resistance and its effects on nonpathogenic strains in the microbiome Lourdes Samantha Valencia MW Microbiology 12 Matthew Schweitzer Fall 2015 Antibiotic resistance had been a crisis in the United States for many years now. According to the CDC, â€Å"up to 50% of the time, antibiotics are not optimally prescribed, often done so when not needed, [or with] incorrect dosing or duration† (CDC). More and more bacteria are becoming antibiotic resistant mostly dueRead MoreLouis Pasteur : The Real Pastor Of Science1520 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the greatest chemists and biologists the world has ever known in the most important scientific time period (â€Å"Louis Pasteur†). Louis Pasteur’s life, major contributions to the world, and legacy that he left will be truly investigated in this paper. Early Life On December 27, 1822, Louis Pasteur came into the world in the town of Dole, Jura, France (Tames n.pag.). His family was Catholic under the parents of Jean-Joseph Pasteur and Jeanne-Etiennette Roqui. They were quite poor as his dad wasRead MoreThe Biology Of A Research Scientist983 Words   |  4 Pagesof the science debates and was involved in paper presentations involving grave matters encompassing current problems as well as coming up with practical solution. This pragmatic approach towards science and a need to understand the fundamentals of how things work thrusted me towards the career of a research scientist. Being logical in reasoning and having higher inclination towards the practical research, I undertook an undergraduate course in Microbiology at Mumbai University. The Bachelor’s course

Reciprocal Teaching Definition, Strategies, Examples

Reciprocal teaching is an instructional technique aimed at developing reading comprehension skills by gradually empowering the students to take on the role of the teacher. Reciprocal teaching makes students active participants in the lesson. It also helps students transition from  guided  to independent readers and reinforces strategies for comprehending the meaning of a text.   Reciprocal Teaching Definition In reciprocal teaching, the teacher models four comprehension strategies (summarizing, questioning, predicting, and clarifying) through guided group discussions. Once the students are comfortable with the process and the strategies, they take turns leading similar discussions in small groups. The reciprocal teaching technique was developed in the 1980s by  two University of Illinois educators (Annemarie Sullivan Palincsar and Ann L. Brown). Using reciprocal teaching, improvements have been noted in  student reading comprehension in as little as three months and maintained for up to one year. The Highland Park School District in Michigan saw gains of nearly 20% with fourth-grade students and improvement across the board for all students, K-12. The Four Strategies The strategies used in reciprocal teaching (sometimes called the Fab Four) are summarizing, questioning, predicting, and clarifying. The strategies work in tandem to dramatically increase comprehension. Summarizing Summarizing is a vital, though sometimes challenging,  skill for readers of all ages. It requires that students use a summarizing strategy to  pick out the main idea and key points of the text. Then, the students must put that information together in order to concisely explain the meaning and content of the passage in their own words. Start with these summarizing prompts: What is the most important part of this text?What is it mostly about?What happened first?What happened next?How did it end or how was the conflict resolved? Questioning Questioning the text helps students develop critical thinking skills. Model this skill by asking questions that encourage students to dig deep and analyze, rather than summarize. For example, prompt the students to consider why the author made certain stylistic or narrative decisions. Start with these prompts to encourage students to question the text: Why do you think†¦?What do you think†¦?When [specific incident] happened, how do you think†¦? Predicting Predicting is the skill of making an educated guess. Students can develop this skill by looking for clues in order to figure out what will happen next in the text, or what the storys main message will be. When studying a non-fiction text, students should preview the text’s title, subheadings, bold print, and visuals such as maps, tables, and diagrams. When studying a work of fiction, students should look at the book’s cover, title, and  illustrations. In both instances, the students should look for clues that help them predict the author’s purpose and the topic of the text. Help students practice this skill by giving open-ended prompts that include phrases like I believe and because: I think the book is about†¦because†¦I  predict I will learn†¦.because†¦I think the author is trying to (entertain, persuade, inform)†¦because... Clarifying Clarifying involves using strategies to understand unfamiliar words or complicated texts as well as self-monitoring to ensure overall reading comprehension. Comprehension problems may arise due to difficult words in the text, but they can also result from students being unable to identify the main idea or key points of the passage. Model clarifying techniques such as rereading, using the glossary or a dictionary to define difficult words, or inferring meaning from context. Additionally, show students how to identify problems with phrases  such as: I didn’t understand the part†¦This is difficult because†¦I am having trouble†¦ Example of Reciprocal Teaching in the Classroom To better understand how reciprocal teaching works in the classroom, consider this example, which focuses on The Very Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle. First, show students the book cover. Read the title and author’s name out loud. Ask, â€Å"What do you think this book is going to be about? Do you think the author’s purpose is to inform, entertain, or persuade? Why? Next, read the first page out loud. Ask, â€Å"What kind of egg do you think is on the leaf? What do you think will come out of the egg?† When the caterpillar eats all of the food, pause to determine if the students need any clarification. Ask, â€Å"Has anyone eaten a pear? What about a  plum? Have you ever tried salami?† Later in the story, pause to find out if the students know the word cocoon. If not, help the students infer the words meaning from the text and pictures.  Ask them to predict what will happen next. Finally, after finishing the story, guide the students through the summarizing process. Help them identify the main idea and key points with the following questions. Who or what is the story about? (Answer: a caterpillar.)What did he do? (Answer: He ate more food every day. On the last day, he ate  so much  food he had a stomach ache.) Then what happened? (Answer: He made a cocoon.)Finally, what happened at the end? (Answer: He came out of the cocoon in the form of a beautiful butterfly.) Help students turn their answers into a concise summary, such as, â€Å"One day, a caterpillar started eating. He ate more and more every day until he had a stomach ache. He made a cocoon around himself and, two weeks later, he  came out of the cocoon as a beautiful butterfly. As students become  comfortable with these techniques, ask them to take turns leading the discussion. Make sure that every student has a turn leading the discussion. Older students who are reading in peer  groups can begin taking turns leading their group.

Can A College Education Cut the Risk of Living in Poverty...

Can a college education cut the risk of living in poverty? Poverty has tremendously increased because The United States recently entered a recession in December 2007. The loss of jobs, health benefits and higher cost of living affected the nation and citizens struggling to avoid poverty. In such a competitive environment, a college education increases self-value and opportunity. America’s current depression tremendously affected the nation with the rise in poverty, unemployment, and loss of health care. Reducing the risk of becoming victims to poverty is the plan and an education serves as a positive resource for taking action. Pursuing an education is time-consuming, but it stabilizes his or her foundation. Certainly, everyone†¦show more content†¦Countless reasons make an education powerful during America’s current depression, including: †¢ Affording the higher cost of living †¢ Expand personal and professional networking skills †¢ Personalize and adds value to an individual by standing out †¢ Creates and expand opportunities for avoiding a crisis. †¢ Higher salary and attract employers †¢ Acquiring respect of employer Poverty refers to poor conditions, lack of means of providing when necessary, and unproductive. Multiple poor conditions vary from many amounts of: †¢ Natural disasters caused by Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Floods, Wild fires, Earthquakes, etc. †¢ Warfare caused by human destruction to an infrastructure. †¢ A lack of education and requirements is necessary to acquire goals. †¢ Crime caused by robberies, drugs, homicides, rape, etc. Understandably, an education does not end poverty, but cuts it, some people question why? Not everything linked to poverty is preventable when some natural disasters are unstoppable, such as the cause of Hurricane Katrina that struck many cities in Louisiana the year of 2005. The ability to cut crime is possible, but people will always attempt to corrupt society and innocent citizens who work hard to make their living. Crime exists nationwide in seek of fast money and supporting families, but nothing worth acquiring exist in a speedy way. Everyone agrees achieving goals is time-consuming; â€Å"however, living theShow MoreRelatedThe Common Core Places On Standardized Testing1634 Words   |  7 Pageshappens to be even more alarming when you realize that countless children in poverty worry about more than what they happen to be learning in school. Another way teachers try increase scores on standardized tests is by sho wing a â€Å"tolerance of drop outs and the promotion of push outs to get rid of the least academically talented students† (Berliner 254), as we have already discussed high school drop-outs have a higher poverty rate. With unqualified teachers becoming more prevalent and the latest implementationRead MoreWhy College Tuition in America Should Be Lowered1496 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Why College Tuition Should be Lowered By Sarah Claymiller What could you do with $14,000? Well, you could buy 4,000 Whoppers with that money. You could also buy 35 IPads, and 4 80 inch flat screen TVs. Or, instead of those things, you could buy yourself one year’s worth of college tuition. Does it seem a little unusual that only one year of tuition costs that much? It might be if you live outside of America; the United States is one of the biggest spenders on secondary education compared to otherRead MorePoverty Can Be Defined As The State Of Being Poor1493 Words   |  6 PagesAngel Rosales Professor Nkosi Sociology 2 December 2015 Poverty in America Poverty can be defined as the state of being poor which refers to the deprivation or insufficiency of basic needs which include food, water, shelter, clothing, and education. In America, poverty affects millions of people with a poverty rate of almost 15%. Poverty is an important social problem to address because it affects everyone in a society either directly or indirectly. Those that are affected directly are about 47Read MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1486 Words   |  6 Pagesnations in the world with having a high inequality than other industrialized countries. Inequality exists in income, wealth, power and education. People who are legally and socially poor in the United States tend to stay in a cycle through life, not always by choice, but because they are given less opportunities, education and tools to achieve their success. The poverty stricken class has a significantly larger income gap than the upper class, the American Dream is weakened through opportunity and is Read MorePoverty And How People With Poverty Suffer Real Psychological Issues870 Words   |  4 PagesAs a college student pursuing a career, I found it interesting to research the topic of poverty and how people with poverty suffer real psychological issues. Psychology class made me think about problems in a different perspective. Poverty is a serious societal problem that people struggle with everyday with out knowing how much of a psychological toll it takes on these people. It only gets harder as they dig themselves a hole they cannot climb out of. Although some social, economic, and politicalRead MoreWhy Canada Is A Social Policy Perspective1079 Words   |  5 Pagesbe one of the most developed countries in the world, with a wide range of social programs that contribute to a high-standard of living. As with many mixed economies, Canada could be described as a welfare society , meaning that the government plays a major role in ensuring the well-being of its citizens. This comes in the form of free healthcare, access to education, employment insurance and various other social programs. Despite Canada s record of being a fiscally balanced and responsible nationRead MoreThe Impacts Of Poverty And Education1835 Words   |  8 PagesThe impacts of poverty on children are wide-reaching and can prompt long-term life struggles, particularly when young people don’t receive a good education. Poverty and education are inseparably connected, on the grounds that people living in poverty may quit school, so they can work instead, which leaves them with a lack of literacy and numeracy skills, which then causes them to not be able to advance in their careers. Their children, thusly are brought up in a comparable circumstance years laterRead MoreTaking a Look at Gun Control1226 Words   |  5 Pagesloopholes for corporations. Providing tax cuts to small businesses and investing in a clean-energy economy, while putting Americans to work will rebuild our infra structure. I would start by providing stimulus for the economy by giving everyone money to spend. When everyone gets the money back, they will simply spend it on products that will put the money back into the economy and jump start the economy and production. I am against waivers for private colleges because it does not work for the less fortunateRead MoreThe Social Causes Of Poverty1780 Words   |  8 PagesSOCIAL CAUSES OF POVERTY USING SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION By Anya’ Burnett Soc 101 I01 Midlands Technical College (MTC) 03-03-2017 Abstract This review is formulated with scholarly sources and references based off of poverty in America. This disclosure is approached with a value free sociological approach, and it will give insight on the social causes of poverty and the effects it has on America. Poverty is a very controversial topic. Many will assume that people living in poverty are lazy, madeRead More United States Tax Policy Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesproven to be a necessary component of a growing economy as means of generating revenue for the federal budget. The federal budget funds the many government programs implemented to keep the disabled, elderly, and unemployed from falling bellow the poverty level. Unfortunately, this fund is not always available when catastrophic evens, such as an economic recession, deplete the revenue coming in and create a budget deficit. In order to regenerate money coming in and replace the deficit, the government

Palmata Case Study - 867 Words

A study by Ritchie, 2006 illustrated how a temperature increase initiates a temporal shift within A.palmata mucus isolates, from beneficial bacteria to dominance by members of the genus Vibrio, suggesting that protective mechanisms employed by this species are lost under warmer conditions. Increased temperatures lowering coral resistance, thus, increasing disease susceptibility is well documented (Bruno, 2007; Muller et al, 2008), as is the rise in ocean heat content (Figure 3). Figure 3: Time series showing seasonal and annual average of global upper ocean heat content for the 0-700m layer since 1955 (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) A suggested source of the WBD pathogen is African dust of which hundreds of millions of†¦show more content†¦Both species affected emphasise asexual fragmentation at the expense of dispersive sexual reproduction therefore, recovery is further strained due to the reproductive strategies (Aronson Precht, 2001). In addition to this, two pesticides commonly incorporated into African dust have been found to interfere with the settlement of coral larvae (Virginia et al, 2003). Management Strategies Responsive management plans are limited due to a lack of effectual diagnosis methods. Protective statuses’ such as being listed on the IUCN can act as a buffer following outbreaks, and it has been shown the decreased damage from human impacts via the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPA’s) lowers disease prevalence in corals (Lamb et al, 2015; Groner et al, 2015), yet despite this, implementing effective preventative and conservation methods remains a cause for concern. Trial studies have shown antibiotic treatments to be successful in supressing transmission of WBD, specifically with the use of Ampicillin and Tetracycline, although the latter being less efficient (Kline, 2011) and Paromomycin has been shown to arrest the disease completely (Sweet et al, 2014). Genetic research has shown that gene flow is regionally restricted in both Acropora species; Hemond and Vollmer, 2010, identified mitochondrial DNA sequence data unique within A. cervicornis of the Florida Keys suggesting colonies within this area are highly genetically

Christian Ethics Are Too Rigid for Moral Decision Making Free Essays

It can be argued, that when referring to the Bible, teachings within it are too rigid for moral decision making. There are many reasons for this, some which are very evident, particularly when looking at certain teachings. On the other hand, some argue that most religious ethics are the right way to approach moral decision making as these contain the teachings and word of God so must be correct. We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Ethics Are Too Rigid for Moral Decision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of St. Paul’s teachings are heavily criticised for being too rigid. For example if a Christian were to be offered a promotion in a career, but it meant that they were to take someone else’s job and leave them without one, such teachings as, â€Å"Let your conduct be without covetousness; be content with such things as you have. For He Himself has said, ‘I will never leave you nor forsake you. ‘† (Heb. 13:5). See also: 1 Tim. 6:9-11, would not help in this situation. This is discouraging an individual for taking that particular thing away from another even if it were to mean that they were happier as a result. Therefore there is no flexibility about this, and the decision would be made to reject the offer of the career as one should not be jealous or want what another has. On the other hand, many argue that St. Paul’s teachings are rigid and can be seen from many different angles. For example the teaching, â€Å"But do not forget to do good and to share, for with such sacrifices God is well pleased† (Heb. 13:16) can be applied to many situations when making moral decisions, as it is very broad and not specific. Therefore the teaching is flexible enough to be applied to almost every situation. However it could be argued that teachings such as this are not specific enough to give strong guidance in a moral decision, particularly those which are life changing. Fundamentalist Christians would agree that St. Paul’s teachings are not too rigid as they believe that we should abide by the exact word of the Bible, as this is God’s word and not try to attempt to alter them in any way. When studying the Ten Commandments, many believe that these cannot be applied literally to every situation as there are different approaches that can be taken. For example commandment number four, ‘Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy’ cannot be applied to the modern day as many people now work on a Sunday but still worship the Lord. Even Jesus Christ worked on a Sunday and was told not to when he was healing others. Even though he was acting out of love, this was still seen as work and was therefore against the word of God. Liberal Christians would agree that the Ten Commandments are too rigid to be used for moral decision making as different situations. For instance commandment six, ‘You shall not murder’ could be arguable. This is because if a girl was being raped and in self-defence killed the rapist, could it not be argued that this is justifying right? Due the fact that the murder was only a result of the sin that the rapist committed to begin with. Fundamentalist Christians would not agree with this, as they believe that the Ten Commandments are rules to be abided by, from God. However it can then be argued that if a person is only being obedient to the rules of God and doing what they are told, are they actually making a moral decision? This then also questions whether that person also then has any moral autonomy if they are just obeying the word of God. This is a strong criticism against religious ethics when used for moral decision making. Another criticism is that many religious ethics are very hard to be applied to modern day situations. This is because the teachings within the Bible were written thousands of years ago, and with advances with technology and society generally, situations occur today which would not have back then. Therefore these ethics can be seen as too rigid to apply to modern day moral decisions. In particular many of St. Paul’s teachings are arguably sexist. For instance St. Paul preached that women should not be able to work, and yet today work between men and women is very equal with certain acts making this possible. Therefore as previously mentioned, it can be argued that St. Paul’s teachings are too rigid for moral decisions, as they do not take account for the modern day. Despite this, many argue that some Christian ethics are not too rigid for moral decision making e. . situation ethics. It is seen that situation ethics offers moral maturity and particularly conscience and prayer allows the Christian to have autonomy. Many Christians today take a liberal approach to moral decision making, as they are able to adapt the scripture for the particular situation that they are in and believe that this will achieve the best outcome. However Fundamentalist Christians will argu e that if Christian ethics are too flexible then this could result with no ethics or guidance in what to do, and Christians will make the wrong moral decisions. In conclusion, Fundamentalist and Liberal Christians take different approaches to moral decision making using religious ethics. Fundamentalist Christians will take a strict legalism approach and abide by rules from God such as the Ten Commandments, and only act by the teachings within the Bible, and how they believe that God would have wanted them to. On the other hand, Liberal Christians take a more copious approach and use Christian teachings such as situation ethics to help them make moral decisions. This is because they allow them to be flexible and are able to apply the rule of ‘love’ to every situation. I would agree with Liberal Christians, as I believe that this approach allows us to adapt Christian ethics for the modern day situation and I believe that this will achieve the best outcome whilst still following the word of God and acting lovingly. Therefore I believe that Christian ethics such as religious ethics saves Christianity from being too rigid. How to cite Christian Ethics Are Too Rigid for Moral Decision Making, Essay examples

The Illegal Body Parts Trade free essay sample

The Illegal Body Parts Trade With a world wide shortage of organs, the black market organ and tissue trade has grown out of control due to the rising demand from the sick and dying. This shortage of organs is fueling an illicit business of buying and selling all sorts of organs and tissues, often through involuntary donation. While it would be nice to have an ample supply of organs and tissues for sick people that desperately need them, the black market organ and tissue trade needs more enforcement in order to cease the profiteering of immoral and unethical transplanting of organs from human to human. The number of people requiring a life-saving transplant continues to rise faster than the number of available donors. In the United States, over 101,000 people are on the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network waiting list, but there are only about1100 donors (â€Å"Data†). According to OrganDonor. Gov, 19 people die each day waiting for life-saving organ transplants (â€Å"The Shortage†). Society as a whole needs to find a humane answer to this widening gap. One way organs and tissues arrive on the black market is from living donors. The desperation of some people that become financially destitute is dumbfounding. Why anyone in perfectly good health would sell any part of their body is beyond my comprehension. I understand the principle of donating an organ to help someone that needs it in order to survive, but parting with an organ for the sole reason of profit is crazy. If I were in this situation, even if the money was needed to feed my family, I have a hard time seeing myself ever doing something so extreme. There has to be another way. The lengths that some people will go for money stretch as far as selling a cornea, which leaves the donor blind in that eye (â€Å"Experts warn†). Usually these illegal organs sell to the highest bidder. Other body parts that can be harvested are veins, bones, skin, intestine, heart, lungs, and many other parts of the anatomy (â€Å"Organ Donation Statistics†). I have a friend who has a cadaver ACL in his knee that was donated legally. His doctor told him that the ligament to be replaced was beyond repair because he tore the ligament too many times. The only viable option was another actual ligament that hadn’t been damaged before, one from a cadaver. I have heard of synthetic repairs for this procedure, but apparently they are an inferior option to the real body part meant to be there. Certain parts of the anatomy can also be used for reconstructive and cosmetic surgeries. For example, burn victims often need skin grafts and trauma patients sometimes need reconstructive surgery using pieces of bone. Sometimes the tissues can be supplied from the patient’s own body. Using the black market to acquire organs is also dangerous. Poor medical practices in third world countries abroad can’t possibly provide the level of care available in well developed countries like the United States. Often surgery takes place in makeshift operating rooms. Stories abound of converting shanties and whole levels of hotels into wards. Infections have and do occur. A study conducted by the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, analyzed the aftereffects of 33 people that traveled outside the United States for kidney transplants. One year after surgery, 30% of the kidneys were rejected by the patients, including one death. This is a higher percentage than normal compared to transplants done in the United States (â€Å"Obtaining Kidney Transplants†). The risk of infection applies to the donor as well. Abdel-Rahman Abdel-Aziz lives in the slums of Cairo. He sold his kidney for US$2300. A year after his surgery his health became so poor he could barley walk around his apartment. If anyone had made clear to me the danger, I wouldnt have done it, he said (â€Å"Couple scarred†). What benefit is gained from selling an organ if you get an infection and die? Money is useless when you’re dead. The harvesting of organs and tissues is not always done for money. Many people donate because they have family members or loved ones that desperately need a transplant in order to survive whatever ailment is afflicting them. Others donate simply because they can. The act of voluntary donation can be done while alive or after deceased, although donors who are still alive are limited as to what can be donated. For instance, someone can donate a kidney or part of their liver while they’re still alive, but it would be hard to survive having donated a heart. If more people would voluntarily donate their body parts without jeopardizing their health, the world wide organ shortage would be drastically reduced. It would also help if more people agreed to donate after death. The donation of whole cadavers is the most beneficial. Just one cadaver can yield over a dozen transplantable organs and tissues (Shanteau). The illegal sale of organs and tissues from the dead is a substantial area of supply for the black market body parts trade. The fact that a whole cadaver can be dissected and sold for parts for over $200,000 makes the practice all too appealing for some, no matter the risk (Carreon). The horror stories of doctors, funeral homes, prisons, and organized crime outfits essentially stealing organs have been documented. Even in the United States this has happened. A couple of men involved with the Willed Body Program at UCLA, a program that provides cadavers donated to science for medical students, used the medical center as a front for over six years to traffic body parts to the black market. Over 800 cadavers were dismembered and sold for parts (Carreon). Another case in California involved a doctor who tried to speed up his patient’s death so he could harvest the patient’s organs. The patient, Ruben Navarro, was on life support and his family had given their permission to donate his organs. Navarro’s doctor, Dr. Roozrokh, prematurely administered several drugs in order to hasten the process. Under California state law, transplant doctors cannot direct the care of organ donors before they are declared dead. Navarro’s mother was very upset. They mistreated him and they abused him and they took advantage of him and me, said Rosa Navarro. He didnt die with dignity, and I didnt have the chance to really say goodbye to him. I dont think it is right. These people need to pay for what they did to him (Ornstein). Organ theft happens all over the world and is taking place with frightening frequency. In Egypt, three men supposedly went in for a job interview and oddly were subjected to medical examinations. The doctor â€Å"discovered† that they all were suffering from a kidney infection requiring emergency surgery. They later woke up in the hospital missing a kidney (Bassoul). These types of stories were believed to be urban legend until true accounts like this surfaced. I wish the stories were just urban legend. There are also stories that involve kidnapped children as well as adults. In Albania, doctors working for a terrorist group were taking organs from Serbs kidnapped in Kosovo and Metohija. The bodies were dumped in an abandoned mine shaft and in a swamp (â€Å"Illegal Organ†). Recently a woman in Nepal was burned to death for attempting to steal a child intended for the organ trade. A number of children have gone missing recently in this area and police believe it is the work of organized crime groups involved with the black market organ trade (â€Å"Woman Burnt†). Also, in the Philippines, the National Bureau of Investigation recently issued an alert warning to the rise of child abductions. The kidnappers take the children for the purpose of selling their organs to people from other countries (â€Å"Alert†). This is the worst act that I have read or heard about and it makes me sick. This alone should be enough to warrant more action and involvement to stop the trade of black market organs. Victims of violence in third world countries have also been pillaged for body parts. Nancy Scheper-Hughes, a world renowned expert on the global human organ trade, said that in South Africa she witnessed â€Å"the cadavers of poor, mostly black, victims of violence being looted for usable eyes and heart valves† (Scalise). In addition to organs stolen from people that died from violence, prisoners have also been targeted as an easy source of body parts. China executes more prisoners than any other country in the world, more than 1770 in 2005, and has admittedly sold organs from executed prisoners (â€Å"Organ sales†). A survey between organ transplant professionals was conducted and a large portion of them surveyed agreed that procurement methods were ethically sound in the United States and Europe, but only 4% thought that the procurement methods in China were ethically sound (â€Å"Majority Of Doctors†). This could explain some of the infections and aftereffects that have been reported with transplants done outside the United States. The majority of organ sales and transplants take place abroad. China is now a major hub for transplants, followed by the Philippines and India. Patients seeking new organs travel from other countries to come over for what has been called â€Å"transplant tourism† ( Merion). The countries that see the highest number of recipients of organ transplants tend to be well developed countries like the United States, Australia, Japan, and Canada (Shimazono). I personally would wait for a certified organ from a U. S. donor list that has been matched for me and tested for viability, as not all transplants abroad go as planned. One of the many reasons that the purchase and sale of organs is illegal is because it unfairly provides organs to the highest bidders. This usually means that only the wealthy are able to afford transplants. Some have suggested legalizing the organ trade saying that it would increase the donor pool and prevent the need for illegal and dangerous â€Å"transplant tourism. † Other proponents think that a person has the right to do whatever they want to ith their body. People who oppose the idea think that legalization would increase the growth of black market organ sales because it might increase the overall market for organs (Petechuk). The suggestion that legalizing the sale of organs may lower scientific standards in exchange for quick and easy money should also be considered. The sale of body parts is illegal in most of the world. This has not stopped desperate patients seeking transplants to replace their failing organs with healthy ones from either willing donors or from forced donation. Many times that transplants are performed the patients don’t know where the organs come from or how the organs were acquired. I would have to imagine this â€Å"don’t ask, don’t tell† policy suits most recipients just fine. The illicit underground organ transplant market brings up strong ethical and moral issues as well. There is no question that the world needs a larger supply of transplantable organs, but the way many of these organs are acquired and procured is sad and inhumane. Whether it is through the many scams out there, forced involuntary donation, or the murder of innocent poor people, organ acquisition without consent needs to be stopped. The sale of organs by the poor is thought by many to exploit the human body. Others say that it erodes the sense of community. I would have to agree. It is sad that the illegal sale of human bodies and body parts has become such a lucrative business. The organized groups that steal organs have no regard for human life. All they see are dollar signs, or whatever their currency may be. Is there a good solution to the escalating organ trade problem? I definitely think more education and involvement should be addressed to the issue. If more people knew about this horrible industry it would get the attention it needs. As Nancy Scheper-Hughes stated in the book titled The body: a reader, â€Å"The problem is that markets are by nature indiscriminate and inclined to reduce everything – including human beings, their labor, and their reproductive capacity to the status of commodities† (Scheper-Hughes). Not-for-profit voluntary donation is far from adequate for supplying enough organs, but for now it is the only legal and sensible option.

Government Policies and their Effects on the UK Construction Industry Essay Example For Students

Government Policies and their Effects on the UK Construction Industry Essay Introduction Today the whole universe is recognizing the importance of sustainability and this is because our planetary hereafter depends on it. It is aboriginal to happen a sustainable hereafter as there are three issues that are presently impacting the universe, viz. fossil fuel depletion, clime alteration due to CO2 emanations, and the increasing costs of energy and H2O. Many states around the universe have shown their concern towards these dismaying issues and are willing to take part in the pursuit for a more sustainable societal, environmental and economic hereafter. Agenda 21 is the design for sustainability in the 21stcentury. Established at the 1992 United Nations Conference in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, its purpose is to supply guidelines to cover with the jobs of poorness, hungriness, resource ingestion and the impairment of ecosystems. Agenda 21 provides a format for this to go on, detailing an action program for sustainable development and set uping marks for actions that combine economic development and environmental protection. UK is among those states, who have agreed to take this committedness and one of the major jobs being tackled by the authorities is hapless lodging. To advance green development the UK authorities came up with a nothing C docket in December 2006 and in grand 2013 published a lodging criterions reexamine audience as an enterprise for sustainable lodging. However this papers has raised many inquiries about the impact it may hold on the sustainable lodging docket. The Sustainable Housing Agenda In December 2006, the UK Government promised that all new places would be ‘zero carbon’ from 2016 and introduced the Code for Sustainable Homes, against which all new places would be rated, on a scope of different sustainability steps. This was a land interrupting proclamation, and had a electric consequence on the house edifice industry and supply concatenation. An unbelievable sum of invention has taken topographic point which has seen new places being built to progressively high environmental criterions en path to 2016. Last twelvemonth, the Government consulted on alterations to Part L of the Building Regulations for 2013 including proposals for new places. UK-GBC responded here. After a long hold, in July 2013 Government issued a Written Ministerial Statement puting out what the upheaval to Part L will be, and confirmed that the upheaval will be postponed to April 2014. The Government announced in October 2012 that they would set about a extremist and cardinal reappraisal of the full model of Building Regulations and voluntary lodging criterions. Last twelvemonth the Government consulted on alterations to lodging criterions. In March 2014 Government published its response to the Housing Standards Review in a Written Ministerial Statement from Stephen Williams MP. The Government confirmed its purpose to weave down the Code for Sustainable Homes and to consolidate proficient criterions into the Building Regulations. The purpose is to apologize and simplify the criterions that are presently used, whilst leting a grade of local flexibleness. The Housing Standards Review In the UK there are a big figure of local and national lodging criterions which each local authorization can necessitate from house builders through the planning system. It is known that lodging criterions are complex, and frequently overlap or contradict each other, or contradict parts of the Building Regulations themselves. These criterions increase the development costs for house builders and could be seen to blockade growing as these extra costs can do some developments economically unviable. The assorted local criterions are designed to undertake a scope of different market failures in the building of new places. However, the deficiency of co-ordination across criterions and the manner they are introduced, modified and enforced makes it uneffective for rectification of such market failures. Alternatively it consequences in unneeded costs being incurred by house builders and holds. Colonialism EssayThe debut of the Code for Sustainable Homesset a immense challenge for house builders and the supply concatenation but one which they responded to in a genuinely impressive manner. Note must be taken that the 200,000 houses which are either built or being constructed to the Code have benefited from reduced C emanations, lower fuel measures, increased security, and improved wellness and well-being for those that live in them compared with what ordinances required. The Code has non merely driven down the cost of sustainable lodging but has besides delivered invention in the supply concatenation ensuing in planetary export chances. In add-on it has created a figure of important economic, environmental and societal benefits for the state that the population would non desire to lose. Impact on sustainable stuffs As the UK move towards zero C edifices, the usage of more sustainable stuffs ( such as lumber ) is going progressively of import relation to the impacts of constructing energy ingestion As such it is of great concern if the government’s proposal replaces the material facets of the Code as stuffs are non included within the Nationally Described Standards papers. There are concerns that entire abolishment of any criterions related to Materials could take to downgrading of the considerable work done in recent old ages to better the responsible sourcing of building merchandises and could smother invention in the thrust towards low C sustainable lodging Decision With the lodging criterions review the Government is reacting to the demand in lodging, which is presently achieving dismaying figures. The fact that the audience eases the house edifice procedure through the simplification of big complex local criterions it would non merely increase the figure of houses being built but besides provide a encouragement for the economic system. Unfortunately all this is being done in hurt of sustainability, therefore seting the hereafter in danger It is true thatthe regulative landscape demands to be simplified and needs to germinate into a system that works for all stakeholders and promotes a thriving house edifice sector. Nevertheless this would best be done by updating and edifice on the successes of the Code.’ ‘The lodging sector faces a host of new challenges that need to be addressed like wellness and well-being, an ageing population, the proviso of equal infinite, clime version and resource efficiency. The Government must look frontward to go oning to work with house builders and the wider industry in order to better and update codifications and criterions that work for people, the environment and the economy’ .